{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:29:04Z","timestamp":1790832544062,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a malignant growth of clonal plasma cells, typically arising from asymptomatic precursor conditions, namely monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and smoldering MM (SMM). Profound immunological dysfunctions and cytokine deregulation are known to characterize the evolution of the disease, allowing immune escape and proliferation of neoplastic plasma cells. In the past decades, several studies have shown that the immune system can recognize MGUS and MM clonal cells, suggesting that anti-myeloma T cell immunity could be harnessed for therapeutic purposes. In line with this notion, chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is emerging as a novel treatment in MM, especially in the relapsed\/refractory disease setting. In this review, we focus on the pivotal contribution of T cell impairment in the immunopathogenesis of plasma cell dyscrasias and, in particular, in the disease progression from MGUS to SMM and MM, highlighting the potentials of T cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches in these settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T08:04:21Z","timestamp":1651997061000},"page":"5242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Role of T Cell Immunity in Monoclonal Gammopathy and Multiple Myeloma: From Immunopathogenesis to Novel Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2864-097X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Lagreca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-6230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Riva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-5574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Nasillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Hematology and Clinical Genomics, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, AUSL\/AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8936-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Barozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Basso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology Unit and Cell Factory, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Bettelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Cuoghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Bresciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Morselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Colaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Marasca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Hematology, Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, AOU Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0660-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossella","family":"Manfredini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Regenerative Medicine \u201cS. 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