{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:44:29Z","timestamp":1791477869568,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly associated with vitamin K deficiency. Some of the serious complications of CKD are represented by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and skeletal fragility with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. A complex pathogenetic link between hormonal and ionic disturbances, bone tissue and metabolism alterations, and vascular calcification (VC) exists and has been defined as chronic kidney disease\u2013mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Poor vitamin K status seems to have a key role in the progression of CKD, but also in the onset and advance of both bone and cardiovascular complications. Three forms of vitamin K are currently known: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone), vitamin K2 (menaquinone), and vitamin K3 (menadione). Vitamin K plays different roles, including in activating vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDPs) and in modulating bone metabolism and contributing to the inhibition of VC. This review focuses on the biochemical and functional characteristics of vitamin K vitamers, suggesting this nutrient as a possible marker of kidney, CV, and bone damage in the CKD population and exploring its potential use for promoting health in this clinical setting. Treatment strategies for CKD-associated osteoporosis and CV disease should include vitamin K supplementation. However, further randomized clinical studies are needed to assess the safety and the adequate dosage to prevent these CKD complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]],"date-time":"2022-05-09T21:23:27Z","timestamp":1652131407000},"page":"5282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Role of Vitamin K in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Bone and Cardiovascular Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-4921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Bellone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7694-1259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Cinquegrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramona","family":"Nicotera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catanzaro, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazareno","family":"Carullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Casarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierangela","family":"Presta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7974-3792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Andreucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Squadrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0272-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mandraffino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, I-98100 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Prunest\u00ec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Catanzaro, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Vocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-6579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovambattista","family":"De Sarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3032-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Bolignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8000-0681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Coppolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, \u201cMagna Graecia\u201d University, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm660","article-title":"Associations between vascular calcification, arterial stiffness and bone mineral density in chronic kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"Toussaint","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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