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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the ability to restore this balance. However, bone marrow-derived MSCs of SLE and SSc patients exhibit many abnormalities, whereas the properties of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCS) are much less known. Therefore, we examined the effect of ASCs obtained from SLE (SLE\/ASCs) and SSc (SSc\/ASCs) patients on Th subset differentiation, using cells from healthy donors (HD\/ASCs) as controls. ASCs were co-cultured with activated CD4+ T cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Expression of transcription factors defining Th1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cell (Tregs) subsets, i.e., T-bet, GATA3, RORc, and FoxP3, were analysed by quantitative RT-PCR, the concentrations of subset-specific cytokines were measured by ELISA, and Tregs formation by flow cytometry. Compared with HD\/ASCs, SLE\/ASCs and especially SSc\/ASCs triggered Th differentiation which was disturbed at the transcription levels of genes encoding Th1- and Tregs-related transcription factors. However, we failed to find functional consequences of this abnormality, because all tested ASCs similarly switched differentiation from Th1 to Th2 direction with accompanying IFN\u03b3\/IL-4 ratio decrease, up-regulated Th17 formation and IL-17 secretion, and up-regulated classical Tregs generation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:31:55Z","timestamp":1652171515000},"page":"5317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impact of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (ASCs) of Rheumatic Disease Patients on T Helper Cell Differentiation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9068-3885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Kuca-Warnawin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pleba\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Ciechomska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marzena","family":"Olesi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Connective Tissue Diseases, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Szcz\u0119sny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Connective Tissue Diseases, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Kontny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Immunology, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Sparta\u0144ska 1, 02-637 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1100359","article-title":"Systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"365","author":"Tsokos","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. 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