{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:51:34Z","timestamp":1790697094497,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","award":["2022-231-002UCV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-231-002UCV"]}]},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","award":["PID2020-119333RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119333RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-231-002UCV"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-231-002UCV"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-119333RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-119333RB-I00\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bacteriophage phi 6 is a virus that belongs to a different Baltimore group than SARS-CoV-2 (group III instead of IV). However, it has a round-like shape and a lipid envelope like SARS-CoV-2, which render it very useful to be used as a surrogate of this infectious pathogen for biosafety reasons. Thus, recent antiviral studies have demonstrated that antiviral materials such as calcium alginate hydrogels, polyester-based fabrics coated with benzalkonium chloride (BAK), polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coated with BAK and polyester-based fabrics coated with cranberry extracts or solidified hand soap produce similar log reductions in viral titers of both types of enveloped viruses after similar viral contact times. Therefore, researchers with no access to biosafety level 3 facilities can perform antiviral tests of a broad range of biomaterials, composites, nanomaterials, nanocomposites, coatings and compounds against the bacteriophage phi 6 as a biosafe viral model of SARS-CoV-2. In fact, this bacteriophage has been used as a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2 to test a broad range of antiviral materials and compounds of different chemical natures (polymers, metals, alloys, ceramics, composites, etc.) and forms (films, coatings, nanomaterials, extracts, porous supports produced by additive manufacturing, etc.) during the current pandemic. Furthermore, this biosafe viral model has also been used as a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly pathogenic enveloped viruses such as Ebola and influenza in a wide range of biotechnological applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T21:52:11Z","timestamp":1652219531000},"page":"5335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Antiviral Characterization of Advanced Materials: Use of Bacteriophage Phi 6 as Surrogate of Enveloped Viruses Such as SARS-CoV-2"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9953-3848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel","family":"Serrano-Aroca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, c\/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8069","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c00629","article-title":"Carbon-Based Nanomaterials: Promising Antiviral Agents to Combat COVID-19 in the Microbial-Resistant Era","volume":"15","author":"Takayama","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5897","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c00523","article-title":"Antiviral Properties of Alginate-Based Biomaterials: Promising Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. 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