{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:38:52Z","timestamp":1791218332846,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Strategic Foundational Technology Improvement Support Operation 2019 of the Japanese Government","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Foundational Technology Improvement Support Operation 2019 of the Japanese Government","award":["JPMJSP2107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2107"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid from Tokuyama Science Foundation 2020","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"Grant-in-Aid from Tokuyama Science Foundation 2020","award":["JPMJSP2107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2107"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists at Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation","award":["22K10128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22K10128"]}]},{"name":"Young Scientists at Kyoto Prefectural Public University Corporation","award":["JPMJSP2107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMJSP2107"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral candidiasis, a common opportunistic infection of the oral cavity, is mainly caused by the following four Candida species (in decreasing incidence rate): Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. This study offers in-depth Raman spectroscopy analyses of these species and proposes procedures for an accurate and rapid identification of oral yeast species. We first obtained average spectra for different Candida species and systematically analyzed them in order to decode structural differences among species at the molecular scale. Then, we searched for a statistical validation through a chemometric method based on principal component analysis (PCA). This method was found only partially capable to mechanistically distinguish among Candida species. We thus proposed a new Raman barcoding approach based on an algorithm that converts spectrally deconvoluted Raman sub-bands into barcodes. Barcode-assisted Raman analyses could enable on-site identification in nearly real-time, thus implementing preventive oral control, enabling prompt selection of the most effective drug, and increasing the probability to interrupt disease transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1652264386000},"page":"5359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Raman Spectroscopy of Oral Candida Species: Molecular-Scale Analyses, Chemometrics, and Barcode Identification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pezzotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, 6-7-1 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"},{"name":"The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0854, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miyuki","family":"Kobara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathological Science, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamaki","family":"Nakaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayata","family":"Imamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6343-0890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nao","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5224-7812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuya","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiro","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narisato","family":"Kanamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Ohgitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0981-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7532-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ichiro","family":"Nishimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osam","family":"Mazda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, 465 Kajii-cho, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Nakata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathological Science, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Misasagi Nakauchi-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1645-3445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Makimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghannoum, M.A., Jurevic, R.J., Mukherjee, P.K., Cui, F., Sikaroodi, M., Naqvi, A., and Gillevet, P.M. 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