{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:10:21Z","timestamp":1790637021339,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["JP21K06531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K06531"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["J20H03452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J20H03452"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["S1201031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S1201031"]}]},{"name":"MEXT","award":["JP21K06531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K06531"]}]},{"name":"MEXT","award":["J20H03452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J20H03452"]}]},{"name":"MEXT","award":["S1201031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S1201031"]}]},{"name":"Takeda Foundation","award":["JP21K06531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21K06531"]}]},{"name":"Takeda Foundation","award":["J20H03452"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J20H03452"]}]},{"name":"Takeda Foundation","award":["S1201031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S1201031"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gangliosides (glycosphingolipids containing one or more sialic acids) are highly expressed in neural tissues in vertebrates, and four species (GM1a, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b) are predominant in mammalian brains. GM3 is the precursor of each of these four species and is the major ganglioside in many nonneural tissues. GM3 synthase (GM3S), encoded by ST3GAL5 gene in humans, is a sialyltransferase responsible for synthesis of GM3 from its precursor, lactosylceramide. ST3GAL5 mutations cause an autosomal recessive form of severe infantile-onset neurological disease characterized by progressive microcephaly, intellectual disability, dyskinetic movements, blindness, deafness, intractable seizures, and pigment changes. Some of these clinical features are consistently present in patients with ST3GAL5 mutations, whereas others have variable expression. GM3S knockout (KO) mice have deafness and enhanced insulin sensitivity, but otherwise do not display the above-described neurological defects reported in ST3GAL5 patients. The authors present an overview of physiological functions and pathological aspects of gangliosides based on findings from studies of GM3S KO mice and discuss differential phenotypes of GM3S KO mice versus human GM3S-deficiency patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]],"date-time":"2022-05-11T10:19:46Z","timestamp":1652264386000},"page":"5368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Ganglioside GM3 Synthase Deficiency in Mouse Models and Human Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kei-ichiro","family":"Inamori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-ichi","family":"Inokuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai 981-8558, Miyagi, Japan"},{"name":"Forefront Research Center, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.10.004","article-title":"Biology of GM3 ganglioside","volume":"156","author":"Inokuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25880","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.40.25880","article-title":"UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase is a class I integral membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"273","author":"Sprong","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.117.2.259","article-title":"Glucosylceramide is synthesized at the cytosolic surface of various Golgi subfractions","volume":"117","author":"Jeckel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.accb.2018.09.002","article-title":"The biology of gangliosides","volume":"76","author":"Schnaar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2017.10.003","article-title":"Gangliosides in cancer cell signaling","volume":"156","author":"Dewald","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordstrom, V., Willershauser, M., Herzer, S., Rozman, J., von Bohlen Und Halbach, O., Meldner, S., Rothermel, U., Kaden, S., Roth, F.C., and Waldeck, C. (2013). Neuronal expression of glucosylceramide synthase in central nervous system regulates body weight and energy homeostasis. PLoS Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001506"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.09.077","article-title":"Increased a-series gangliosides positively regulate leptin\/Ob receptor-mediated signals in hypothalamus of GD3 synthase-deficient mice","volume":"479","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M085753","article-title":"Deficient ganglioside synthesis restores responsiveness to leptin and melanocortin signaling in obese KKAy mice","volume":"59","author":"Inamori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18987","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0609281103","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase is modulated by GM3 interaction with N-linked GlcNAc termini of the receptor","volume":"103","author":"Yoon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9044","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105666108","article-title":"Regulation of human EGF receptor by lipids","volume":"108","author":"Coskun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13678","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703650104","article-title":"Dissociation of the insulin receptor and caveolin-1 complex by ganglioside GM3 in the state of insulin resistance","volume":"104","author":"Kabayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwu112","article-title":"Control of homeostatic and pathogenic balance in adipose tissue by ganglioside GM3","volume":"25","author":"Nagafuku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101732","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2019101732","article-title":"Homeostatic and pathogenic roles of GM3 ganglioside molecular species in TLR4 signaling in obesity","volume":"39","author":"Kanoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9142","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.9142","article-title":"A vital role for glycosphingolipid synthesis during development and differentiation","volume":"96","author":"Yamashita","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12459","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0500893102","article-title":"Cell-specific deletion of glucosylceramide synthase in brain leads to severe neural defects after birth","volume":"102","author":"Jennemann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20999","article-title":"Glycosphingolipid synthesis in cerebellar Purkinje neurons: Roles in myelin formation and axonal homeostasis","volume":"58","author":"Watanabe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20930","article-title":"Absence of oligodendroglial glucosylceramide synthesis does not result in CNS myelin abnormalities or alter the dysmyelinating phenotype of CGT-deficient mice","volume":"58","author":"Saadat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwt054","article-title":"\u03b24GalT6 is involved in the synthesis of lactosylceramide with less intensity than \u03b24GalT5","volume":"23","author":"Tokuda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwq098","article-title":"Beta4-galactosyltransferase-5 is a lactosylceramide synthase essential for mouse extra-embryonic development","volume":"20","author":"Nishie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.12.078","article-title":"Early lethality of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase V-mutant mice by growth retardation","volume":"379","author":"Kumagai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshihara, T., Satake, H., Nishie, T., Okino, N., Hatta, T., Otani, H., Naruse, C., Suzuki, H., Sugihara, K., and Kamimura, E. (2018). Lactosylceramide synthases encoded by B4galt5 and 6 genes are pivotal for neuronal generation and myelin formation in mice. PLoS Genet, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007545"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.030338","article-title":"Binding of laminin-1 to monosialoganglioside GM1 in lipid rafts is crucial for neurite outgrowth","volume":"122","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3445","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0635898100","article-title":"Enhanced insulin sensitivity in mice lacking ganglioside GM3","volume":"100","author":"Yamashita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.2.814","article-title":"Gangliosides are neuronal ligands for myelin-associated glycoprotein","volume":"93","author":"Yang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2005.04.017","article-title":"Myelin-associated glycoprotein and complementary axonal ligands, gangliosides, mediate axon stability in the CNS and PNS: Neuropathology and behavioral deficits in single- and double-null mice","volume":"195","author":"Pan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407785102","article-title":"Interruption of ganglioside synthesis produces central nervous system degeneration and altered axon-glial interactions","volume":"102","author":"Yamashita","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.06.016","article-title":"GD3 synthase gene knockout mice exhibit thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia but decreased response to formalin-induced prolonged noxious stimulation","volume":"117","author":"Handa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100395200","article-title":"b-series Ganglioside deficiency exhibits no definite changes in the neurogenesis and the sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis but impairs regeneration of the lesioned hypoglossal nerve","volume":"277","author":"Okada","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6885","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C000847200","article-title":"Mice expressing only monosialoganglioside GM3 exhibit lethal audiogenic seizures","volume":"276","author":"Kawai","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29881","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M201631200","article-title":"Refractory skin injury in complex knock-out mice expressing only the GM3 ganglioside","volume":"277","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22405","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912336106","article-title":"Gangliosides play pivotal roles in the regulation of complement systems and in the maintenance of integrity in nerve tissues","volume":"106","author":"Ohmi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05485","article-title":"Inflammation and metabolic disorders","volume":"444","author":"Hotamisligil","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M103705200","article-title":"Ganglioside GM3 participates in the pathological conditions of insulin resistance","volume":"277","author":"Tagami","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T25","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-14-0404","article-title":"20 years of leptin: Connecting leptin signaling to biological function","volume":"223","author":"Allison","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4727","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91578","article-title":"The long road to leptin","volume":"126","author":"Friedman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0822","article-title":"Hypothalamic ERK mediates the anorectic and thermogenic sympathetic effects of leptin","volume":"58","author":"Rahmouni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI39620","article-title":"PTP1B and SHP2 in POMC neurons reciprocally regulate energy balance in mice","volume":"120","author":"Banno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16064","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0405041101","article-title":"Neuronal Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase controls energy balance and metabolism","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv041","article-title":"Ganglioside GM3 is essential for the structural integrity and function of cochlear hair cells","volume":"24","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9483","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903279106","article-title":"Mice lacking ganglioside GM3 synthase exhibit complete hearing loss due to selective degeneration of the organ of Corti","volume":"106","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0254-5","article-title":"Myosin motor function: The ins and outs of actin-based membrane protrusions","volume":"67","author":"Nambiar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.20275","article-title":"Dynamic compartmentalization of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor Q at the proximal end of stereocilia: Implication of myosin VI-based transport","volume":"65","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Motil. Cytoskelet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hertzano, R., Shalit, E., Rzadzinska, A.K., Dror, A.A., Song, L., Ron, U., Tan, J.T., Shitrit, A.S., Fuchs, H., and Hasson, T. (2008). A Myo6 mutation destroys coordination between the myosin heads, revealing new functions of myosin VI in the stereocilia of mammalian inner ear hair cells. PLoS Genet., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000207"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.05.002","article-title":"Plasma membrane segregation during T cell activation: Probing the order of domains","volume":"19","author":"Harder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E336","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1114965109","article-title":"CD4 and CD8 T cells require different membrane gangliosides for activation","volume":"109","author":"Nagafuku","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma--present in most, absent in many","volume":"15","author":"Fahy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093131","article-title":"Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 protein is critical for intestinal cholesterol absorption","volume":"303","author":"Altmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2010.03.030","article-title":"NPC1L1 and cholesterol transport","volume":"584","author":"Betters","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1014434108","article-title":"Flotillins play an essential role in Niemann-Pick C1-like 1-mediated cholesterol uptake","volume":"108","author":"Ge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M089201","article-title":"NPC1L1-dependent intestinal cholesterol absorption requires ganglioside GM3 in membrane microdomains","volume":"59","author":"Nihei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1460","article-title":"Infantile-onset symptomatic epilepsy syndrome caused by a homozygous loss-of-function mutation of GM3 synthase","volume":"36","author":"Simpson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.35826","article-title":"Cutaneous dyspigmentation in patients with ganglioside GM3 synthase deficiency","volume":"161","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2012.202","article-title":"Refractory epilepsy and mitochondrial dysfunction due to GM3 synthase deficiency","volume":"21","author":"Fragaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt434","article-title":"A mutation in a ganglioside biosynthetic enzyme, ST3GAL5, results in salt & pepper syndrome, a neurocutaneous disorder with altered glycolipid and glycoprotein glycosylation","volume":"23","author":"Boccuto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37773","article-title":"GM3 synthase deficiency due to ST3GAL5 variants in two Korean female siblings: Masquerading as Rett syndrome-like phenotype","volume":"170","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073818791099","article-title":"ST3GAL5-Related Disorders: A Deficiency in Ganglioside Metabolism and a Genetic Cause of Intellectual Disability and Choreoathetosis","volume":"33","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymgme.2019.01.013","article-title":"Recessive GM3 synthase deficiency: Natural history, biochemistry, and therapeutic frontier","volume":"126","author":"Bowser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Genet. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwy112","article-title":"Total loss of GM3 synthase activity by a normally processed enzyme in a novel variant and in all ST3GAL5 variants reported to cause a distinct congenital disorder of glycosylation","volume":"29","author":"Indellicato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gim.2021.10.007","article-title":"GM3 synthase deficiency in non-Amish patients","volume":"24","author":"Heide","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1109-1121","article-title":"Glycan terminator","volume":"16","author":"Paulson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn039","article-title":"Ganglioside depletion and EGF responses of human GM3 synthase-deficient fibroblasts","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2007.05.008","article-title":"Alteration of ganglioside synthesis by GM3 synthase knockout in murine embryonic fibroblasts","volume":"1771","author":"Shevchuk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107766","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2021107766","article-title":"GRASP55 regulates intra-Golgi localization of glycosylation enzymes to control glycosphingolipid biosynthesis","volume":"40","author":"Pothukuchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107238","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020107238","article-title":"Golgi maturation-dependent glycoenzyme recycling controls glycosphingolipid biosynthesis and cell growth via GOLPH3","volume":"40","author":"Rizzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"EMBO J."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/10\/5368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:09:21Z","timestamp":1760137761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/10\/5368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23105368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23105368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,11]]}}}