{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:18:43Z","timestamp":1790777923049,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]],"date-time":"2022-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial ocular disorder that interferes with daily living and reduces quality of life. However, there is no most ideal therapeutic treatment to address all the deleterious defects of DED. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of recombinant human thymosin \u03b24 (rhT\u03b24) to promote healing in a benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced mice DED model and the anti-inflammatory effects involved in that process. Eye drops consisting of 0.05% and 0.1% rhT\u03b24 were used for treatment of DED. Tear volume and corneal staining scores were measured after 7 days. Periodic acid-Schiff staining for gobleT cells in conjunctiva, immunohistochemical staining for CD4+ T cells, TUNEL assay for apoptotic positive cells in cornea and conjunctiva, qRT-PCR and ELISA assays for multiple cytokines were performed. All clinical parameters showed improvement in both the 0.05% and 0.1% rhT\u03b24 groups. Specifically, topical application of rhT\u03b24 significantly increased conjunctival gobleT cells and reduced apoptotic cells in conjunctiva. Mechanically, the rhT\u03b24 groups showed significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine levels and CD4+ T cells in conjunctiva by blocking NF-\u03baB (nuclear factor kappa B) activation, suggesting that 0.05\u20130.1% rhT\u03b24 eye drops may be used as a potential therapeutic treatment for DED.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,14]],"date-time":"2022-05-14T09:27:56Z","timestamp":1652520476000},"page":"5458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Recombinant Human Thymosin \u03b24 (rhT\u03b24) Modulates the Anti-Inflammatory Responses to Alleviate Benzalkonium Chloride (BAC)-Induced Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Zhai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Institute of Xiamen University & Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361104, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuemei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengsu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5805-2469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1097\/NHH.0000000000000652","article-title":"Dry Eye Disease: Prevalence, Assessment, and Management","volume":"36","author":"Rouen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Home Healthc. 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