{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T12:12:14Z","timestamp":1791634334006,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Faculty University of Osijek (Croatia) institutional","award":["H.M. (IP14-2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H.M. (IP14-2022)"]}]},{"name":"Medical Faculty University of Osijek (Croatia) institutional","award":["S.T (IP15-2022)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S.T (IP15-2022)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a prevalent, multifaceted inflammatory condition affecting the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses, frequently accompanied by formation of nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This apparently uniform clinical entity is preceded by heterogeneous changes in cellular and molecular patterns, suggesting the presence of multiple CRS endotypes and a diverse etiology. Alterations of the upper airway innate defense mechanisms, including antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity, have been implicated in CRSwNP etiology. The aim of this study was to investigate mRNA expression patterns of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2), and innate immune system defense players, namely the bactericidal\/permeability-increasing fold-containing family A, member 1 (BPIFA1) and PACAP family members, particularly adenylate-cyclase-activating polypeptide receptor 1 (ADCYAP1) in nasal mucosa and nasal polyps from CRSwNP patients. Additional stratification based on age, sex, allergic comorbidity, and disease severity was applied. The results showed that ADCYAP1, BPIFA1, and PRDX2 transcripts are differentially expressed in nasal mucosa and scale with radiologically assessed disease severity in CRSwNP patients. Sinonasal transcriptome is not associated with age, sex, and smoking in CRSwNP. Surgical and postoperative corticosteroid (CS) therapy improves endoscopic appearance of the mucosa, but variably reverses target gene expression patterns in the nasal cavity of CRSwNP patients. Transcriptional cross-correlations analysis revealed an increased level of connectedness among differentially expressed genes under inflammatory conditions and restoration of basic network following CS treatment. Although results of the present study imply a possible engagement of ADCYAP1 and BPIFA1 as biomarkers for CRSwNP, a more profound study taking into account disease severity and CRSwNP endotypes prior to the treatment would provide additional information on their sensitivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T09:48:22Z","timestamp":1652608102000},"page":"5521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Expression of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Related Genes in Nasal Mucosa and Nasal Polyps from Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Hrvoje","family":"Mihalj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2312-6170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josip","family":"Butkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0136-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stana","family":"Toki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"\u0160tefani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2523-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomislav","family":"Kizivat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinical Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maro","family":"Bujak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Chemistry, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Baus Lon\u010dar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Mihalj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.112374","article-title":"Total and Specific IgE in Nasal Polyps Is Related to Local Eosinophilic Inflammation","volume":"107","author":"Bachert","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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