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Growing evidence indicates that it results from dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, which interferes with the host immune system, leading to bone destruction. Immune cells activate periodontal ligament cells to express the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB) ligand (RANKL) and promote osteoclast activity. Osteocytes have active roles in periodontitis progression in the bone matrix. Local proteins are involved in bone regeneration through functional immunological plasticity. Here, we discuss the current knowledge of cellular and molecular mechanisms in periodontitis, the roles of local proteins, and promising synthetic compounds generating a periodontal regeneration effect. It is anticipated that this may lead to a better perception of periodontitis pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105540","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T13:06:23Z","timestamp":1652706383000},"page":"5540","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Osteoimmunology in Periodontitis: Local Proteins and Compounds to Alleviate Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8255-2268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kridtapat","family":"Sirisereephap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4597-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoki","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hikaru","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Hiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2911-826X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisanori","family":"Domon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihito","family":"Isono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4450-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutaka","family":"Terao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5317-7510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeyasu","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Oral Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Tabeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8514, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-020-9556-y","article-title":"Instruction of microbiome taxonomic profiling based on 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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