{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:25:24Z","timestamp":1764588324678,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]],"date-time":"2022-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the agent of the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Until now, little information is available about the microbial composition of urine samples during CT urethritis. Therefore, in this study, we characterized the microbiome and metabolome profiles of first-void urines in a cohort of women with CT urethral infection attending an STI clinic. Methods: Based on CT positivity by nucleic acid amplification techniques on urine samples, the enrolled women were divided into two groups, i.e., \u201cCT-negative\u201d (n = 21) and \u201cCT-positive\u201d (n = 11). Urine samples were employed for (i) the microbiome profile analysis by means of 16s rRNA gene sequencing and (ii) the metabolome analysis by 1H-NMR. Results: Irrespective of CT infection, the microbiome of first-void urines was mainly dominated by Lactobacillus, L. iners and L. crispatus being the most represented species. CT-positive samples were characterized by reduced microbial biodiversity compared to the controls. Moreover, a significant reduction of the Mycoplasmataceae family\u2014in particular, of the Ureaplasma parvum species\u2014was observed during CT infection. The Chlamydia genus was positively correlated with urine hippurate and lactulose. Conclusions: These data can help elucidate the pathogenesis of chlamydial urogenital infections, as well as to set up innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T03:20:43Z","timestamp":1652844043000},"page":"5625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["First-Void Urine Microbiome in Women with Chlamydia trachomatis Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Valeria","family":"Gaspari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3824-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Ceccarani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8655-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Severgnini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gionathan","family":"Orioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Camboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1593-7376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Laghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Morselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7253-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Microbiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7397-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Marangoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Microbiology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Consolandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, 20054 Segrate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca Maria","family":"Piraccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70161-5","article-title":"Chlamydia: A much underestimated STI","volume":"12","author":"Senior","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. 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