{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T19:33:54Z","timestamp":1768678434886,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Education","award":["JC2019038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC2019038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Realgar, a poisonous traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to cause liver injury when used for long periods or overdoses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study is to explore the role of autophagy in sub-chronic realgar exposure-induced liver injury. Here, the liver injury model was established by continuously administrating mice with 1.35 g\/kg realgar for 8 weeks. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and rapamycin (RAPA) were used to regulate autophagy. The results showed that realgar induced abnormal changes in liver function, pathological morphology, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and upregulated NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in mouse livers. RAPA treatment (an inducer of autophagy) significantly improved realgar-induced liver injury and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, while 3-MA (an inhibitor of autophagy) aggravated the realgar-induced liver injury and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, we found that realgar-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in mouse livers is mediated by ROS. RAPA eliminates excessive ROS, inhibits NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation and down-regulates the TXNIP\/NLRP3 axis, consequently suppressing ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which may be the underlying mechanism of the protective effect of autophagy on realgar-induced liver injury. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that autophagy alleviates realgar-induced liver injury by inhibiting ROS-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Autophagy may represent a therapeutic target in modulating realgar-induced liver injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T12:25:57Z","timestamp":1652963157000},"page":"5697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Experimental Study Reveals the Protective Effect of Autophagy against Realgar-Induced Liver Injury via Suppressing ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4359-2400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziwei","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taoguang","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Laboratory Technology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arsenic-Related Biological Effects and Prevention and Treatment in Liaoning Province, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2017.08.037","article-title":"A review of cinnabar (HgS) and\/or realgar (As4S4)-containing traditional medicines","volume":"210","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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