{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T03:06:57Z","timestamp":1793156817805,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMUH110-0M55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0M55"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMTTH-108-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KMTTH-108-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["107CM-KMU-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107CM-KMU-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["X107012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X107012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006245","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMUH110-0M55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0M55"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMTTH-108-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-002"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["KMTTH-108-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-003"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["107CM-KMU-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107CM-KMU-12"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["X107012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X107012"]}]},{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital","award":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["KMUH110-0M55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0M55"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["KMTTH-108-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-002"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["KMTTH-108-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-003"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["107CM-KMU-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107CM-KMU-12"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["X107012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X107012"]}]},{"name":"Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital","award":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["KMUH110-0M55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0M55"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["KMTTH-108-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-002"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["KMTTH-108-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-003"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["107CM-KMU-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107CM-KMU-12"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["X107012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X107012"]}]},{"name":"Chi Mei Medical Center and Kaohsiung Medical University research Foundation","award":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST109-2314-B-037-096"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["KMUH110-0M55"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMUH110-0M55"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["KMTTH-108-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-002"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["KMTTH-108-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMTTH-108-003"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["107CM-KMU-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["107CM-KMU-12"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["X107012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["X107012"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Health and Welfare","award":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOHW108-TDU-B-212-133006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study attempted to elucidate whether intravesical instillation of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) could decrease bladder inflammation and ameliorate bladder hyperactivity in ketamine ulcerative cystitis (KIC) rat model. Female Sprague Dawley (S-D) rats were randomly divided into control group, ketamine-treated group, ketamine with PRP treated group, and ketamine with platelet-poor plasma (PPP) treated group. Cystometry and micturition frequency\/volume studies were performed to investigate bladder function. The morphological change of bladder was investigated by Mason\u2019s trichrome staining. Western blotting analysis were carried out to examine the protein expressions of inflammation, urothelial differentiation, proliferation, urothelial barrier function, angiogenesis and neurogenesis related proteins. The results revealed that treatment with ketamine significantly deteriorated bladder capacity, decreased voiding function and enhanced bladder overactivity. These pathological damage and interstitial fibrosis may via NF-\u03baB\/COX-2 signaling pathways and muscarinic receptor overexpression. PRP treatment decreased inflammatory fibrotic biosynthesis, attenuated oxidative stress, promoted urothelial cell regeneration, and enhanced angiogenesis and neurogenesis, thereafter recovered bladder dysfunction and ameliorate the bladder hyperactivity in KIC rat model. These findings suggested that the PRP therapy may offer new treatment options for those clinical KIC patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T09:18:08Z","timestamp":1653124688000},"page":"5771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Therapeutic Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma Improves Bladder Overactivity in the Pathogenesis of Ketamine-Induced Ulcerative Cystitis in a Rat Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8581-9311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuang-Shun","family":"Chueh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuan-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisions of Urological Oncology, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9108-7567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian-He","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emerging Compounds Research Center, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Jui","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Defense Medical College, Taipei 11490, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Mien","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong-Jyh","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4889-095X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi-Chen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1102-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Yu","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Chen","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Wei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Shun","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.07920.x","article-title":"The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: A new syndrome?","volume":"102","author":"Chu","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-010-1392-z","article-title":"Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to functional changes seen on experimental hemorrhagic cystitis induced by ifosfamide in rat urinary bladder","volume":"67","author":"Macedo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-2-219","article-title":"Cystitis due to the use of ketamine as a recreational drug: A case report","volume":"2","author":"Colebunders","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12841","article-title":"Possible pathophysiology of ketamine-related cystitis and associated treatment strategies","volume":"22","author":"Jhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2009.02361.x","article-title":"Ketamine-associated bladder dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.04.102","article-title":"Involvement of purinergic neurotransmission in ketamine induced bladder dysfunction","volume":"186","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-18167-4","article-title":"Disruption of Cav1.2-mediated signaling is a pathway for ketamine-induced pathology","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2015.04.020","article-title":"Translocation of NF-kappaB and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 are enhanced by ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis in rat bladder","volume":"185","author":"Juan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"341","article-title":"Genitourinary toxicity of ketamine","volume":"19","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F305","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00341.2003","article-title":"Distribution of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4, -8, and -12 in bladder epithelium","volume":"287","author":"Acharya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00030.2012","article-title":"Urothelial signaling","volume":"93","author":"Birder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2012.684730","article-title":"The role of platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration","volume":"24","author":"Alsousou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"329","article-title":"Platelet-rich Plasma and Other Hemocomponents in Veterinary Regenerative Medicine","volume":"30","author":"Tambella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt218","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma preparation for regenerative medicine: Optimization and quantification of cytokines and growth factors","volume":"4","author":"Amable","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem. Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: Support for its use in wound healing","volume":"83","author":"Lacci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1159\/000492415","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma in Tissue Engineering: Hype and Hope","volume":"59","author":"Lang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Everts, P., Onishi, K., Jayaram, P., Lana, J.F., and Mautner, K. (2020). Platelet-Rich Plasma: New Performance Understandings and Therapeutic Considerations in 2020. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202010.0069.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2014.11.001","article-title":"Platelet derivatives in regenerative medicine: An update","volume":"29","author":"Sommese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfus. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.10.065","article-title":"Human platelet lysate: Replacing fetal bovine serum as a gold standard for human cell propagation?","volume":"76","author":"Burnouf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19419-6","article-title":"An optimised protocol for platelet-rich plasma preparation to improve its angiogenic and regenerative properties","volume":"8","author":"Etulain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perinelli, D.R., Bonacucina, G., Pucciarelli, S., Cespi, M., Serri, E., Polzonetti, V., Tambella, A.M., and Vincenzetti, S. (2020). Rheological Properties and Growth Factors Content of Platelet-Rich Plasma: Relevance in Veterinary Biomedical Treatments. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8100429"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Angelis, B., D\u2019Autilio, M., Orlandi, F., Pepe, G., Garcovich, S., Scioli, M.G., Orlandi, A., Cervelli, V., and Gentile, P. (2019). Wound Healing: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of a Bio-Functionalized Scaffold Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Platelet-Rich Plasma in Chronic Ulcers. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091486"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318176354a","article-title":"Lipostructure technique in Romberg syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Grimaldi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, P., and Garcovich, S. (2020). Systematic Review-The Potential Implications of Different Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Concentrations in Regenerative Medicine for Tissue Repair. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165702"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, P., and Garcovich, S. (2021). Systematic Review: Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma and Biomaterials as New Regenerative Strategies in Chronic Skin Wounds and Soft Tissue Defects. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041538"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434191","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/434191","article-title":"platelet rich lipotransfert: Our experience and current state of art in the combined use of fat and PRP","volume":"2013","author":"Cervelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez-Zapata, M.J., Marti-Carvajal, A.J., Sola, I., Exposito, J.A., Bolibar, I., Rodriguez, L., Garcia, J., and Zaror, C. (2016). Autologous platelet-rich plasma for treating chronic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD006899.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006899.pub3"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-015-9251-x","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Promotes Axon Regeneration, Wound Healing, and Pain Reduction: Fact or Fiction","volume":"52","author":"Kuffler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"207","article-title":"Clinical utility of growth factors and platelet-rich plasma in tissue regeneration: A review","volume":"26","author":"Ruiz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201811310010005","article-title":"New therapeutic platforms for the treatment of epithelial and cutaneous lesions","volume":"10","author":"Caramella","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.08.271","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma for treatment of nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers: A case report","volume":"38","author":"Mehrannia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12317","article-title":"The growing evidence for the use of platelet-rich plasma on diabetic chronic wounds: A review and a proposal for a new standard care","volume":"23","author":"Picard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2018.27.Sup6.S20","article-title":"Autologous platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of venous leg ulcers in primary care: A randomised controlled, pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Lobato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12401","article-title":"Autologous platelet-rich plasma versus conventional therapy for the treatment of chronic venous leg ulcers: A comparative study","volume":"17","author":"Moneib","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12148.x","article-title":"Autologous platelet gel to treat chronic decubital ulcers: A randomized, blind controlled clinical trial in dogs","volume":"43","author":"Tambella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tambella, A.M., Bartocetti, F., Rossi, G., Galosi, L., Catone, G., Falcone, A., and Vullo, C. (2020). Effects of Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin in Post-Extraction Alveolar Sockets: A Randomized, Controlled Split-Mouth Trial in Dogs with Spontaneous Periodontal Disease. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081343"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.16-0400","article-title":"Use of autologous platelet-rich plasma for a delayed consolidation of a tibial fracture in a young donkey","volume":"79","author":"Faillace","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/09537104.2017.1384537","article-title":"Efficacy of platelet concentrates in bone healing: A systematic review on animal studies\u2014Part B: Large-size animal models","volume":"29","author":"Marcazzan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1632548.274","article-title":"The Early Histological Effects of Intravesical Instillation of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Cystitis Models","volume":"20","author":"Donmez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.30263","article-title":"Effect of local administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on peripheral nerve regeneration: An experimental study in the rabbit model","volume":"38","author":"Ikumi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microsurgery"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.22563","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection in Burn Scar Areas Alleviates Neuropathic Scar Pain","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70134-5","article-title":"The role of the immune system in the generation of neuropathic pain","volume":"11","author":"Calvo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80598-2","article-title":"A pilot study: Effectiveness of local injection of autologous platelet-rich plasma in treating women with stress urinary incontinence","volume":"11","author":"Long","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"609","article-title":"The Therapeutic Effect of Intravesical Instillation of Platelet Rich Plasma on Recurrent Bacterial Cystitis in Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"16","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Urol. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72292-0","article-title":"Repeated intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma improve symptoms and alter urinary functional proteins in patients with refractory interstitial cystitis","volume":"10","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/09537104.2015.1116686","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of platelet-rich preparations. A systematic review of the current pre-clinical evidence","volume":"27","author":"Fabbro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746809","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.746809","article-title":"Antibacterial Properties of Canine Platelet-Rich Plasma and Other Non-Transfusional Hemo-Components: An in vitro Study","volume":"8","author":"Attili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B3.18491","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances: An in vitro study","volume":"89","author":"Bielecki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/luts.12364","article-title":"Urothelial health after platelet-rich plasma injection in intractable recurrent urinary tract infection: Improved cell proliferation, cytoskeleton, and barrier function protein expression","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Low. Urin. Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.2040104.052","article-title":"New Frontiers or the Treatment of Interstitial Cystitis\/Bladder Pain Syndrome\u2014Focused on Stem Cells, Platelet-Rich Plasma, and Low-Energy Shock Wave","volume":"24","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"135","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of lower urinary tract disorders due to regenerative deficiency","volume":"31","author":"Ke","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"O42","article-title":"Repeated intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma are effective in the treatment of interstitial cystitis: A case control pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Jhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Low. Urin Tract Symptoms"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.23898","article-title":"Intravesical injections of platelet-rich plasma is effective and safe in treatment of interstitial cystitis refractory to conventional treatment-A prospective clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Jhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jid.5700613","article-title":"Formation and function of the myofibroblast during tissue repair","volume":"127","author":"Hinz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.10.005","article-title":"Effect of transforming growth factor -beta1 on alpha-smooth muscle actin and collagen expression in equine endometrial fibroblasts","volume":"124","author":"Lukasik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e31819e8ec6","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: A literature review","volume":"18","author":"Arora","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2011.05.011","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma intra-articular injection versus hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation as treatments for cartilage pathology: From early degeneration to osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"Kon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738111431801","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma treatment in symptomatic patients with knee osteoarthritis: Preliminary results in a group of active patients","volume":"4","author":"Gobbi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sports Health"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2003.12.003","article-title":"Platelet-rich plasma: Evidence to support its use","volume":"62","author":"Marx","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F318","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00607.2014","article-title":"Ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis and bladder apoptosis involve oxidative stress mediated by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum","volume":"309","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"797","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of COX2 expression by DNA hypomethylation via NFkappaB activation in ketamineinduced ulcerative cystitis","volume":"44","author":"Chuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, J.H., Wu, Y.H., Juan, T.J., Lin, H.Y., Lin, R.J., Chueh, K.S., Lee, Y.C., Chang, C.Y., and Juan, Y.S. (2021). Autophagy Alters Bladder Angiogenesis and Improves Bladder Hyperactivity in the Pathogenesis of Ketamine-Induced Cystitis in a Rat Model. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10060488"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.08.020","article-title":"Long-distance growth and connectivity of neural stem cells after severe spinal cord injury","volume":"150","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aott.2017.02.009","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma: Effective treatment for repairing of spinal cord injury in rat","volume":"51","author":"Salarinia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Traumatol. Turc."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlg.0000249726.98801.77","article-title":"Effect of platelet rich plasma and fibrin sealant on facial nerve regeneration in a rat model","volume":"117","author":"Farrag","year":"2007","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20860","article-title":"Effect of neural-induced mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma on facial nerve regeneration in an acute nerve injury model","volume":"120","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3283567196","article-title":"Human platelet-rich plasma promotes axon growth in brain-spinal cord coculture","volume":"23","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2943","article-title":"Angiogenesis induced by CNS inflammation promotes neuronal remodeling through vessel-derived prostacyclin","volume":"18","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.03.018","article-title":"Bidirectional crosstalk between periventricular endothelial cells and neural progenitor cells promotes the formation of a neurovascular unit","volume":"1565","author":"Vissapragada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chellini, F., Tani, A., Vallone, L., Nosi, D., Pavan, P., Bambi, F., Zecchi Orlandini, S., and Sassoli, C. (2018). Platelet-Rich Plasma Prevents In Vitro Transforming Growth Factor-beta1-Induced Fibroblast to Myofibroblast Transition: Involvement of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-A\/VEGF Receptor-1-Mediated Signaling (dagger). Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7090142"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1086\/516120","article-title":"The role of platelets in antimicrobial host defense","volume":"25","author":"Yeaman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20374","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.27.20374","article-title":"Thrombocidins, microbicidal proteins from human blood platelets, are C-terminal deletion products of CXC chemokines","volume":"275","author":"Krijgsveld","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.65.3.1023-1031.1997","article-title":"Purification and in vitro activities of rabbit platelet microbicidal proteins","volume":"65","author":"Yeaman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02713","article-title":"Effects of autologous platelet-rich plasma coated sutures on intestinal anastomotic healing in rabbits","volume":"5","author":"Daradka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3705-6","article-title":"Multiple PRP injections are more effective than single injections and hyaluronic acid in knees with early osteoarthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Gormeli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-018-03659-5","article-title":"Intra-articular injections of platelet-rich plasma, hyaluronic acid or corticosteroids for knee osteoarthritis: A prospective randomized controlled study","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthopade"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760709","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/760709","article-title":"The effect of autologous activated platelet rich plasma (AA-PRP) injection on pattern hair loss: Clinical and histomorphometric evaluation","volume":"2014","author":"Cervelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0107","article-title":"The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma in Hair Regrowth: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"4","author":"Gentile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"56406","article-title":"Mechanical and Controlled PRP Injections in Patients Affected by Androgenetic Alopecia","volume":"131","author":"Gentile","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672117747042","article-title":"Treatment with platelet-rich plasma of surgically related dormant corneal ulcers","volume":"28","author":"Alio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.02.009","article-title":"Healing of Postextraction Sockets Preserved with Autologous Platelet Concentrates. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"75","author":"Bucchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.15171\/joddd.2018.024","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of platelet rich plasma in socket healing and bone regeneration after surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molars","volume":"12","author":"Bhujbal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res. Dent. Clin. Dent. Prospect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2020.1724951","article-title":"Autologous activated platelet-rich plasma (AA-PRP) and non-activated (A-PRP) in hair growth: A retrospective, blinded, randomized evaluation in androgenetic alopecia","volume":"20","author":"Gentile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, P., Cole, J.P., Cole, M.A., Garcovich, S., Bielli, A., Scioli, M.G., Orlandi, A., Insalaco, C., and Cervelli, V. (2017). Evaluation of Not-Activated and Activated PRP in Hair Loss Treatment: Role of Growth Factor and Cytokine Concentrations Obtained by Different Collection Systems. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020408"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.11.004","article-title":"Systematic review: The platelet-rich plasma use in female androgenetic alopecia as effective autologous treatment of regenerative plastic surgery","volume":"75","author":"Gentile","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, P., Scioli, M.G., Bielli, A., De Angelis, B., De Sio, C., De Fazio, D., Ceccarelli, G., Trivisonno, A., Orlandi, A., and Cervelli, V. (2019). Platelet-Rich Plasma and Micrografts Enriched with Autologous Human Follicle Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Hair Re-Growth in Androgenetic Alopecia. Biomolecular Pathway Analysis and Clinical Evaluation. Biomedicines, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7020027"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gentile, P., and Garcovich, S. (2020). Systematic Review of Platelet-Rich Plasma Use in Androgenetic Alopecia Compared with Minoxidil((R)), Finasteride((R)), and Adult Stem Cell-Based Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082702"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12256","article-title":"Increased apoptosis and suburothelial inflammation in patients with ketamine-related cystitis: A comparison with non-ulcerative interstitial cystitis and controls","volume":"112","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1111\/jsm.12104","article-title":"Effects of supraphysiological testosterone treatment and orchiectomy on ischemia\/reperfusion-induced bladder dysfunction in male rabbits","volume":"10","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-007-9696-y","article-title":"Coenzyme Q10 protect against ischemia\/reperfusion induced biochemical and functional changes in rabbit urinary bladder","volume":"311","author":"Juan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.06.221","article-title":"The immediate effect of nitric oxide on the rabbit bladder after ovariectomy","volume":"19","author":"Juan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2008.08146_2.x","article-title":"The destruction of the lower urinary tract by ketamine abuse: A new syndrome?","volume":"102","author":"Cottrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22367","article-title":"Dual involvements of cyclooxygenase and nitric oxide synthase expressions in ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis in rat bladder","volume":"32","author":"Chuang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2012.06.024","article-title":"Environmental analysis of raw cork extraction in cork oak forests in southern Europe (Catalonia-Spain)","volume":"110","author":"Rives","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27073116","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000}}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/10\/5771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T12:12:30Z","timestamp":1774872750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/10\/5771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23105771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23105771","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]}}}