{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:23:50Z","timestamp":1792859030767,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]],"date-time":"2022-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch","award":["No LP2014-7\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No LP2014-7\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch","award":["No VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2017-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2017-0014"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["No LP2014-7\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No LP2014-7\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","award":["No VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2017-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2017-0014"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Ministry For National Economy","award":["No LP2014-7\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No LP2014-7\/2014"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Ministry For National Economy","award":["No VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2017-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2017-0014"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteoglycan macromolecules play key roles in several physiological processes (e.g., adhesion, proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and apoptosis), all of which are important for placentation and healthy pregnancy. However, their precise roles in human reproduction have not been clarified. To fill this gap, herein, we provide an overview of the proteoglycans\u2019 expression and role in the placenta, in trophoblast development, and in pregnancy complications (pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction), highlighting one of the most important members of this family, syndecan-1 (SDC1). Microarray data analysis showed that of 34 placentally expressed proteoglycans, SDC1 production is markedly the highest in the placenta and that SDC1 is the most upregulated gene during trophoblast differentiation into the syncytiotrophoblast. Furthermore, placental transcriptomic data identified dysregulated proteoglycan genes in pre-eclampsia and in fetal growth restriction, including SDC1, which is supported by the lower concentration of syndecan-1 in maternal blood in these syndromes. Overall, our clinical and in vitro studies, data analyses, and literature search pointed out that proteoglycans, as important components of the placenta, may regulate various stages of placental development and participate in the maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. Moreover, syndecan-1 may serve as a useful marker of syncytialization and a prognostic marker of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Further studies are warranted to explore the role of proteoglycans in healthy and complicated pregnancies, which may help in diagnostic or therapeutic developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,22]],"date-time":"2022-05-22T07:13:57Z","timestamp":1653203637000},"page":"5798","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Proteoglycans: Systems-Level Insight into Their Expression in Healthy and Diseased Placentas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-183X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orsolya","family":"Oravecz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0322-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4448-5121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD\/NIH\/DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD\/NIH\/DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kata","family":"Juhasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Gelencser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems Biology of Reproduction Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6469-9178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhonghui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD\/NIH\/DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8557-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaurav","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD\/NIH\/DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, 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Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Royal Women\u2019s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3502, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1712-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adi L.","family":"Tarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, <i>Eunice Kennedy Shriver<\/i> National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD\/NIH\/DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, and Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI 48202, 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Hungary"},{"name":"Maternity Private Clinic, H-1126 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.02.003","article-title":"Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans","volume":"42","author":"Iozzo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1003502","article-title":"Localization of serglycin in human neutrophil granulocytes and their precursors","volume":"76","author":"Niemann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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