{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:14:56Z","timestamp":1780359296778,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the TransBioLine Innovative Medicine Initiative Programme"},{"name":"MediMab Biotherapeutics"},{"name":"the Sir Jules Thorn Charity Biomedical Research Award"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune-mediated cholangiopathies are characterised by the destruction of small and large bile ducts causing bile acid stasis, which leads to subsequent inflammation, fibrosis, and eventual cirrhosis of the liver tissue. A breakdown of peripheral hepatic immune tolerance is a key feature of these diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a major anti-inflammatory immune cell subset, and their quantities and functional capacity are impaired in autoimmune liver diseases. Tregs can undergo phenotypic reprogramming towards pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 profiles. The inflamed hepatic microenvironment influences and can impede normal Treg suppressive functions. Mast cell (MC) infiltration increases during liver inflammation, and active MCs have been shown to be an important source of pro-inflammatory mediators, thus driving pathogenesis. By influencing the microenvironment, MCs can indirectly manipulate Treg functions and inhibit their suppressive and proliferative activity. In addition, direct cell-to-cell interactions have been identified between MCs and Tregs. It is critical to consider the effects of MCs on the inflammatory milieu of the liver and their influence on Treg functions. This review will focus on the roles and crosstalk of Tregs and MCs during autoimmune cholangiopathy pathogenesis progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23115872","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T22:04:06Z","timestamp":1653429846000},"page":"5872","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Interplay between Mast Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Immune-Mediated Cholangiopathies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Natalia M.","family":"Krajewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research & NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Rare Liver Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1531-9770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00e9mi","family":"Fiancette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research & NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Rare Liver Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye H.","family":"Oo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research & NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Institute of Biomedical Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network Rare Liver Centre, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"},{"name":"Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0125-y","article-title":"Cholangiocyte Pathobiology","volume":"16","author":"Banales","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. 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