{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:24:57Z","timestamp":1772252697832,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G107217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G107217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"UKRI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["802528-6157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["802528-6157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NISAD Ideell F\u00f6rening (charitable association)","award":["G107217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G107217"]}]},{"name":"NISAD Ideell F\u00f6rening (charitable association)","award":["802528-6157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["802528-6157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The involvement of immunoglobulin (Ig) G3 in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19. The exact molecular mechanism is unknown, but it is thought to involve this IgG subtype\u2019s differential ability to fix, complement and stimulate cytokine release. We examined the binding of convalescent patient antibodies to immobilized nucleocapsids and spike proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization\u2013time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. IgG3 was a major immunoglobulin found in all samples. Differential analysis of the spectral signatures found for the nucleocapsid versus the spike protein demonstrated that the predominant humoral immune response to the nucleocapsid was IgG3, whilst for the spike protein it was IgG1. However, the spike protein displayed a strong affinity for IgG3 itself, as it would bind from control plasma samples, as well as from those previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, similar to the way protein G binds IgG1. Furthermore, detailed spectral analysis indicated that a mass shift consistent with hyper-glycosylation or glycation was a characteristic of the IgG3 captured by the spike protein.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,28]],"date-time":"2022-05-28T01:40:45Z","timestamp":1653702045000},"page":"6050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Determination of IgG1 and IgG3 SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Nucleocapsid Binding\u2014Who Is Binding Who and Why?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jason K.","family":"Iles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7728-6623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raminta","family":"Zmuidinaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Sadee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gardiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Lacey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Binding Site Group Ltd., 8 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 1QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregg","family":"Wallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Binding Site Group Ltd., 8 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 1QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roshani","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Binding Site Group Ltd., 8 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 1QT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Debra","family":"Roblett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Heeney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"DIOSynVax, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Baxendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ray Kruse","family":"Iles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAPSciences, The iLab, Stannard Way, Bedford MK44 3RZ, UK"},{"name":"Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK"},{"name":"NISAD, Sundstorget 2, 252-21 Helsingborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.02.053","article-title":"2021 Acute respiratory distress syndrome update, with coronavirus disease 2019 focus","volume":"36","author":"Welker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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