{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:18:22Z","timestamp":1792599502425,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP30884217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP30884217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"JSPS KAKENHI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21wm0425003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0425003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP30884217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP30884217"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"AMED","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP21wm0425003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21wm0425003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pax6 is a sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor that positively and negatively regulates transcription and is expressed in multiple cell types in the developing and adult central nervous system (CNS). As indicated by the morphological and functional abnormalities in spontaneous Pax6 mutant rodents, Pax6 plays pivotal roles in various biological processes in the CNS. At the initial stage of CNS development, Pax6 is responsible for brain patterning along the anteroposterior and dorsoventral axes of the telencephalon. Regarding the anteroposterior axis, Pax6 is expressed inversely to Emx2 and Coup-TF1, and Pax6 mutant mice exhibit a rostral shift, resulting in an alteration of the size of certain cortical areas. Pax6 and its downstream genes play important roles in balancing the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. The Pax6 gene was originally identified in mice and humans 30 years ago via genetic analyses of the eye phenotypes. The human PAX6 gene was discovered in patients who suffer from WAGR syndrome (i.e., Wilms tumor, aniridia, genital ridge defects, mental retardation). Mutations of the human PAX6 gene have also been reported to be associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability. Rodents that lack the Pax6 gene exhibit diverse neural phenotypes, which might lead to a better understanding of human pathology and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review describes the expression and function of Pax6 during brain development, and their implications for neuropathology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1653905114000},"page":"6115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Thirty Years\u2019 History since the Discovery of Pax6: From Central Nervous System Development to Neurodevelopmental Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3602-439X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohei","family":"Ochi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shyu","family":"Manabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6643-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takako","family":"Kikkawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noriko","family":"Osumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/355750a0","article-title":"Mouse Small eye results from mutations in a paired-like homeobox-containing gene","volume":"355","author":"Hill","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90284-6","article-title":"Positional cloning and characterization of a paired box- and homeobox-containing gene from the aniridia region","volume":"67","author":"Ton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.113.4.1435","article-title":"Pax-6, a murine paired box gene, is expressed in the developing CNS","volume":"113","author":"Walther","year":"1991","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.20.1.483","article-title":"PAX-6 in development and evolution","volume":"20","author":"Callaerts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90434-Z","article-title":"The molecular basis of the undulated\/Pax-1 mutation","volume":"66","author":"Chalepakis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.5.4.594","article-title":"The paired box encodes a second DNA-binding domain in the paired homeo domain protein","volume":"5","author":"Treisman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7892602","article-title":"Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila","volume":"267","author":"Halder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.05.001","article-title":"Pax genes in eye development and evolution","volume":"15","author":"Kozmik","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6131","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01524","article-title":"Molecular dissection of Pax6 function: The specific roles of the paired domain and homeodomain in brain development","volume":"131","author":"Haubst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1017\/S0016672300010387","article-title":"Small eyes\u2014A new dominant eye mutant in the mouse","volume":"9","author":"Roberts","year":"1967","journal-title":"Genet. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.103.Supplement.115","article-title":"Small eye (Sey): A mouse model for the genetic analysis of craniofacial abnormalities","volume":"103","author":"Hogan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0493-299","article-title":"A mutation in the Pax-6 gene in rat small eye is associated with impaired migration of midbrain crest cells","volume":"3","author":"Matsuo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.193.163","article-title":"The role of Pax6 in brain patterning","volume":"193","author":"Osumi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7914031","article-title":"Homology of the eyeless gene of Drosophila to the Small eye gene in mice and Aniridia in humans","volume":"265","author":"Quiring","year":"1994","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9616","article-title":"Fate mapping of the mouse prosencephalic neural plate","volume":"219","author":"Inoue","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8042","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-21-08042.2000","article-title":"Pax6 modulates the dorsoventral patterning of the mammalian telencephalon","volume":"20","author":"Stoykova","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1006\/mcne.2000.0924","article-title":"Pax6 regulates the identity of embryonic diencephalic neurons","volume":"17","author":"Mastick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinson, J., Mason, J.O., Simpson, T.I., and Price, D.J. (2005). Regulation of the Pax6: Pax6(5a) mRNA ratio in the developing mammalian brain. BMC Dev. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-5-13"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002040308","article-title":"Cell and matrix specialisations of rhombomere boundaries","volume":"204","author":"Heyman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2007-0884","article-title":"Concise review: Pax6 transcription factor contributes to both embryonic and adult neurogenesis as a multifunctional regulator","volume":"26","author":"Osumi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"643","article-title":"Sequence and expression pattern of pax-6 are highly conserved between zebrafish and mice","volume":"114","author":"Gruss","year":"1992","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.07.007","article-title":"Structural and functional defects of the respiratory neural system in the medulla and spinal cord of Pax6 mutant rats","volume":"152","author":"Ikeda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.125.11.2099","article-title":"Expression of the Emx-1 and Dlx-1 homeobox genes define three molecularly distinct domains in the telencephalon of mouse, chick, turtle and frog embryos: Implications for the evolution of telencephalic subdivisions in amniotes","volume":"125","author":"Fernandez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80621-2","article-title":"Pax6 controls radial glia differentiation in the cerebral cortex","volume":"21","author":"Stoykova","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1435-05.2005","article-title":"Pax6 is required for making specific subpopulations of granule and periglomerular neurons in the olfactory bulb","volume":"25","author":"Kohwi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21945","article-title":"Development of the mouse amygdala as revealed by enhanced green fluorescent protein gene transfer by means of in utero electroporation","volume":"513","author":"Soma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.23.5167","article-title":"A role for Pax6 in the normal development of dorsal thalamus and its cortical connections","volume":"127","author":"Pratt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3585","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.16.3585","article-title":"Role of Pax6 in development of the cerebellar system","volume":"126","author":"Engelkamp","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.122.11.3453","article-title":"Forebrain patterning defects in Small eye mutant mice","volume":"122","author":"Stoykova","year":"1996","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.184000","article-title":"Pax6 activity in the lens primordium is required for lens formation and for correct placement of a single retina in the eye","volume":"14","author":"Marquardt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.10.043","article-title":"Overexpression of pairedless Pax6 in the retina disrupts corneal development and affects lens cell survival","volume":"313","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9694","article-title":"Pax-6 expression and activity are induced in the reepithelializing cornea and control activity of the transcriptional promoter for matrix metalloproteinase gelatinase B","volume":"222","author":"Sivak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00441","article-title":"Requirement for Pax6 in corneal morphogenesis: A role in adhesion","volume":"116","author":"Davis","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3267","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.10.3267","article-title":"Midline signalling is required for Pax gene regulation and patterning of the eyes","volume":"121","author":"Macdonald","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1276605","article-title":"Vax genes ventralize the embryonic eye","volume":"19","author":"Mui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2015.0011","article-title":"Horizontal Basal Cell-Specific Deletion of Pax6 Impedes Recovery of the Olfactory Neuroepithelium Following Severe Injury","volume":"24","author":"Suzuki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.04.017","article-title":"PAX6: 25th anniversary and more to learn","volume":"156","author":"Cvekl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14378","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.25.14378","article-title":"Pax6 is essential for establishing ventral-dorsal cell boundaries in pituitary gland development","volume":"96","author":"Kioussi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00324-X","article-title":"Pax genes and the differentiation of hormone-producing endocrine cells in the pancreas","volume":"92","author":"Dohrmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12318","article-title":"Dynamic expression patterns of Pax6 during spermatogenesis in the mouse","volume":"227","author":"Kimura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.04.002","article-title":"Pax6: A multi-level regulator of ocular development","volume":"31","author":"Shaham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2018.02.041","article-title":"The role of Pax6 in brain development and its impact on pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder","volume":"1705","author":"Kikkawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107792","article-title":"PAX proteins and their role in pancreas","volume":"155","author":"Panneerselvam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00070","article-title":"Regulation of cerebral cortical neurogenesis by the Pax6 transcription factor","volume":"9","author":"Manuel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.8.17.2022","article-title":"Two independent and interactive DNA-binding subdomains of the Pax6 paired domain are regulated by alternative splicing","volume":"8","author":"Epstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.23866","article-title":"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of early cortical development: An examination of how Pax6 coordinates cortical development","volume":"524","author":"Ypsilanti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1469-8","article-title":"Molecular architecture of lineage allocation and tissue organization in early mouse embryo","volume":"572","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev182154","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.182154","article-title":"Establishing neuronal diversity in the spinal cord: A time and a place","volume":"146","author":"Sagner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80323-2","article-title":"Pax6 controls progenitor cell identity and neuronal fate in response to graded Shh signaling","volume":"90","author":"Ericson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.124.15.2961","article-title":"Pax-6 is involved in the specification of hindbrain motor neuron subtype","volume":"124","author":"Osumi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.10.010","article-title":"Area patterning of the mammalian cortex","volume":"56","author":"Chou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.13.3045","article-title":"Wnt and Bmp signalling cooperatively regulate graded Emx2 expression in the dorsal telencephalon","volume":"129","author":"Theil","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1093","article-title":"Emx2 patterns the neocortex by regulating FGF positional signaling","volume":"6","author":"Grove","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1903","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00416","article-title":"Molecular regionalization of the neocortex is disrupted in Fgf8 hypomorphic mutants","volume":"130","author":"Garel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-2-10","article-title":"Sp8 exhibits reciprocal induction with Fgf8 but has an opposing effect on anterior-posterior cortical area patterning","volume":"2","author":"Sahara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21709","article-title":"Frontal cortex subdivision patterning is coordinately regulated by Fgf8, Fgf17, and Emx2","volume":"509","author":"Cholfin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5464.344","article-title":"Regulation of area identity in the mammalian neocortex by Emx2 and Pax6","volume":"288","author":"Bishop","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.913601","article-title":"COUP-TFI: An intrinsic factor for early regionalization of the neocortex","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-2-8","article-title":"Genetic interplay between the transcription factors Sp8 and Emx2 in the patterning of the forebrain","volume":"2","author":"Zembrzycki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7627","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-17-07627.2002","article-title":"Distinct actions of Emx1, Emx2, and Pax6 in regulating the specification of areas in the developing neocortex","volume":"22","author":"Bishop","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.07.016","article-title":"EMX2 regulates sizes and positioning of the primary sensory and motor areas in neocortex by direct specification of cortical progenitors","volume":"43","author":"Hamasaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyas, D.A., Simpson, T.I., Carr, C.B., Kleinjan, D.A., van Heyningen, V., Mason, J.O., and Price, D.J. (2006). Functional conservation of Pax6 regulatory elements in humans and mice demonstrated with a novel transgenic reporter mouse. BMC Dev. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-213X-6-21"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.02764","article-title":"Controlled overexpression of Pax6 in vivo negatively autoregulates the Pax6 locus, causing cell-autonomous defects of late cortical progenitor proliferation with little effect on cortical arealization","volume":"134","author":"Manuel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8104-3-17","article-title":"FGF15 promotes neurogenesis and opposes FGF8 function during neocortical development","volume":"3","author":"Borello","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neural Dev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giacomantonio, C.E., and Goodhill, G.J. (2010). A Boolean model of the gene regulatory network underlying Mammalian cortical area development. PLoS Comput. Biol., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000936"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00422-014-0590-x","article-title":"A computational model of the effect of gene misexpression on the development of cortical areas","volume":"108","author":"Giacomantonio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Cybern."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manuel, M., Tan, B.K., Kozic, Z., Molinek, M., Marcos, S.T., Razak, A.F.M., Dobolyi, D., Dobie, R., Henderson, P.E.B., and Henderson, C.N. (2022). Pax6 limits the competence of developing cerebral cortical cells. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2022.02.03.478927"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1958","article-title":"COUP-TFI regulates the balance of cortical patterning between frontal\/motor and sensory areas","volume":"10","author":"Armentano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McBride, D.J., Buckle, A., van Heyningen, V., and Kleinjan, D.A. (2011). DNaseI hypersensitivity and ultraconservation reveal novel, interdependent long-range enhancers at the complex Pax6 cis-regulatory region. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028616"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2017.08.033","article-title":"Charting the protomap of the human telencephalon","volume":"76","author":"Clowry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000828)424:3<409::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-7","article-title":"Pallial and subpallial derivatives in the embryonic chick and mouse telencephalon, traced by the expression of the genes Dlx-2, Emx-1, Nkx-2.1, Pax-6, and Tbr-1","volume":"424","author":"Puelles","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.23.5007","article-title":"The Gsh2 homeodomain gene controls multiple aspects of telencephalic development","volume":"127","author":"Corbin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhn123","article-title":"Differential regulation of telencephalic pallial-subpallial boundary patterning by Pax6 and Gsh2","volume":"19","author":"Carney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4361","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.20.4361","article-title":"Genetic control of dorsal-ventral identity in the telencephalon: Opposing roles for Pax6 and Gsh2","volume":"127","author":"Toresson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.2.193","article-title":"Gsh2 and Pax6 play complementary roles in dorsoventral patterning of the mammalian telencephalon","volume":"128","author":"Yun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.14.1.67","article-title":"A role for neural determination genes in specifying the dorsoventral identity of telencephalic neurons","volume":"14","author":"Fode","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12061","article-title":"Dmrta1 regulates proneural gene expression downstream of Pax6 in the mammalian telencephalon","volume":"18","author":"Kikkawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789583","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.789583","article-title":"Multiple Functions of the Dmrt Genes in the Development of the Central Nervous System","volume":"15","author":"Kikkawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90035-7","article-title":"Cleavage orientation and the asymmetric inheritance of Notch1 immunoreactivity in mammalian neurogenesis","volume":"82","author":"Chenn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.96.026","article-title":"The significance of gene expression dynamics in neural stem cell regulation","volume":"96","author":"Kageyama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"2278","article-title":"Hbp1 regulates the timing of neuronal differentiation during cortical development by controlling cell cycle progression","volume":"142","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2005.02.006","article-title":"Role of Pax6 in forebrain regionalization","volume":"66","author":"Manuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2899-04.2005","article-title":"Pax6, Tbr2, and Tbr1 are expressed sequentially by radial glia, intermediate progenitor cells, and postmitotic neurons in developing neocortex","volume":"25","author":"Englund","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.03.004","article-title":"Transcription factors in glutamatergic neurogenesis: Conserved programs in neocortex, cerebellum, and adult hippocampus","volume":"55","author":"Hevner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-169X.2009.01094.x","article-title":"Continuous neurogenesis in the adult brain","volume":"51","author":"Imayoshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"396","article-title":"Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: Same regulators, different roles","volume":"8","author":"Guillemot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3082","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15555","article-title":"Lysosomes and signaling pathways for maintenance of quiescence in adult neural stem cells","volume":"288","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2005.00893.x","article-title":"Pax6 is required for production and maintenance of progenitor cells in postnatal hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Maekawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20596","article-title":"Expression of the transcription factor Pax 6 in the adult rat dentate gyrus","volume":"81","author":"Nacher","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24035","article-title":"The germinal matrices in the developing dentate gyrus are composed of neuronal progenitors at distinct differentiation stages","volume":"242","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4604","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5074-07.2008","article-title":"The neurogenesis-controlling factor, Pax6, inhibits proliferation and promotes maturation in murine astrocytes","volume":"28","author":"Sakurai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13406","article-title":"The transcription factor Pax6 contributes to the induction of GLT-1 expression in astrocytes through an interaction with a distal enhancer element","volume":"136","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.43","article-title":"Cyclin D2 in the basal process of neural progenitors is linked to non-equivalent cell fates","volume":"31","author":"Tsunekawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Embo. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.02.012","article-title":"Pax6 exerts regional control of cortical progenitor proliferation via direct repression of Cdk6 and hypophosphorylation of pRb","volume":"78","author":"Mi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.2.455","article-title":"Pax6 is required to regulate the cell cycle and the rate of progression from symmetrical to asymmetrical division in mammalian cortical progenitors","volume":"129","author":"Pearson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1038\/185702a0","article-title":"Mitotic pattern and histogenesis of the central nervous system","volume":"185","author":"Fujita","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(62)90311-7","article-title":"Kinetics of cellular proliferation","volume":"28","author":"Fujita","year":"1962","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00420-2","article-title":"Asymmetric inheritance of radial glial fibers by cortical neurons","volume":"31","author":"Miyata","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.20135231","article-title":"Ninein is essential for the maintenance of the cortical progenitor character by anchoring the centrosome to microtubules","volume":"2","author":"Shinohara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.2262","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms regulating fate specification of neural stem cells","volume":"363","author":"Namihira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2810","article-title":"Epigenetic control of neural precursor cell fate during development","volume":"11","author":"Hirabayashi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.10.008","article-title":"Chromatin regulators of neural development","volume":"264","author":"Tyssowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00359","article-title":"Epigenetic and Transcriptional Pre-patterning-An Emerging Theme in Cortical Neurogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Albert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2013.07.002","article-title":"The BAF complex interacts with Pax6 in adult neural progenitors to establish a neurogenic cross-regulatory transcriptional network","volume":"13","author":"Ninkovic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.04.005","article-title":"Chromatin regulation by BAF170 controls cerebral cortical size and thickness","volume":"25","author":"Tuoc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.4161\/cc.25999","article-title":"BAF chromatin remodeling complex: Cortical size regulation and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Tuoc","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09584","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09584","article-title":"The REST remodeling complex protects genomic integrity during embryonic neurogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Nechiporuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.417","article-title":"Detection of REST expression in the testis using epitope-tag knock-in mice generated by genome editing","volume":"251","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sansom, S.N., Griffiths, D.S., Faedo, A., Kleinjan, D.J., Ruan, Y., Smith, J., van Heyningen, V., Rubenstein, J.L., and Livesey, F.J. (2009). The level of the transcription factor Pax6 is essential for controlling the balance between neural stem cell self-renewal and neurogenesis. PLoS Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000511"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4854-10.2011","article-title":"FMRP regulates the transition from radial glial cells to intermediate progenitor cells during neocortical development","volume":"31","author":"Saffary","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.10.040","article-title":"Dynamic mRNA Transport and Local Translation in Radial Glial Progenitors of the Developing Brain","volume":"26","author":"Pilaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00706-1","article-title":"Identification of FMRP target mRNAs in the developmental brain: FMRP might coordinate Ras\/MAPK, Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin, and mTOR signaling during corticogenesis","volume":"13","author":"Casingal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn874","article-title":"Proneural genes and the specification of neural cell types","volume":"3","author":"Bertrand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2016.11.011","article-title":"Beyond proneural: Emerging functions and regulations of proneural proteins","volume":"42","author":"Guillemot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev159426","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.159426","article-title":"All in the family: Proneural bHLH genes and neuronal diversity","volume":"145","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00358-0","article-title":"Crossregulation between Neurogenin2 and pathways specifying neuronal identity in the spinal cord","volume":"31","author":"Scardigli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00539","article-title":"Direct and concentration-dependent regulation of the proneural gene Neurogenin2 by Pax6","volume":"130","author":"Scardigli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2008.10.007","article-title":"Periventricular notch activation and asymmetric Ngn2 and Tbr2 expression in pair-generated neocortical daughter cells","volume":"40","author":"Ochiai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.09.020","article-title":"Insulinoma-associated 1 has a panneurogenic role and promotes the generation and expansion of basal progenitors in the developing mouse neocortex","volume":"60","author":"Farkas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.05.072","article-title":"Intermediate Progenitor Cohorts Differentially Generate Cortical Layers and Require Tbr2 for Timely Acquisition of Neuronal Subtype Identity","volume":"16","author":"Mihalas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2011.06.012","article-title":"Notch signaling in intestinal homeostasis across species: The cases of Drosophila, Zebrafish and the mouse","volume":"317","author":"Fre","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5415.770","article-title":"Notch signaling: Cell fate control and signal integration in development","volume":"284","author":"Rand","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.02.014","article-title":"Oscillations in notch signaling regulate maintenance of neural progenitors","volume":"58","author":"Shimojo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.08.009","article-title":"Dynamic regulation of Notch signaling in neural progenitor cells","volume":"21","author":"Kageyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev182204","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.182204","article-title":"Oscillatory expression of Hes1 regulates cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation in the embryonic brain","volume":"147","author":"Ochi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.11.007","article-title":"Notch1 and Notch2 collaboratively maintain radial glial cells in mouse neurogenesis","volume":"170","author":"Mase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev159764","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.159764","article-title":"Conserved and divergent functions of Pax6 underlie species-specific neurogenic patterns in the developing amniote brain","volume":"145","author":"Yamashita","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2010.04.017","article-title":"Pax6 is a human neuroectoderm cell fate determinant","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2019.00381","article-title":"Genes and Mechanisms Involved in the Generation and Amplification of Basal Radial Glial Cells","volume":"13","author":"Penisson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, F.K., Fei, J.F., Mora-Berm\u00fadez, F., Taverna, E., Haffner, C., Fu, J., Anastassiadis, K., Stewart, A.F., and Huttner, W.B. (2015). Sustained Pax6 Expression Generates Primate-like Basal Radial Glia in Developing Mouse Neocortex. PLoS Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002217"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.039","article-title":"Epigenetic Activation of WNT5A Drives Glioblastoma Stem Cell Differentiation and Invasive Growth","volume":"167","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegge, B., Sj\u00f8ttem, E., and Mikkola, I. (2018). Generation of a PAX6 knockout glioblastoma cell line with changes in cell cycle distribution and sensitivity to oxidative stress. BMC Cancer, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-4394-6"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-022-02602-5","article-title":"Tracing the origins of glioblastoma by investigating the role of gliogenic and related neurogenic genes\/signaling pathways in GBM development: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Shafi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.082875","article-title":"Functional dissection of the paired domain of Pax6 reveals molecular mechanisms of coordinating neurogenesis and proliferation","volume":"140","author":"Walcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12135","article-title":"Asymmetric inheritance of Cyclin D2 maintains proliferative neural stem\/progenitor cells: A critical event in brain development and evolution","volume":"56","author":"Tsunekawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12764","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3178-07.2007","article-title":"In vivo analysis of Ascl1 defined progenitors reveals distinct developmental dynamics during adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roybon, L., Hjalt, T., Stott, S., Guillemot, F., Li, J.Y., and Brundin, P. (2009). Neurogenin2 directs granule neuroblast production and amplification while NeuroD1 specifies neuronal fate during hippocampal neurogenesis. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0004779"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/dneu.20882","article-title":"Expression and actions of transcription factors in adult hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"71","author":"Hodge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.187336.112","article-title":"Orchestrating transcriptional control of adult neurogenesis","volume":"26","author":"Hsieh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.323196.118","article-title":"High Hes1 expression and resultant Ascl1 suppression regulate quiescent vs. active neural stem cells in the adult mouse brain","volume":"33","author":"Sueda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.09.026","article-title":"Quiescence of Adult Mammalian Neural Stem Cells: A Highly Regulated Rest","volume":"104","author":"Blomfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2019.00055","article-title":"Divide or Commit-Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Urbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niklison-Chirou, M.V., Agostini, M., Amelio, I., and Melino, G. (2020). Regulation of Adult Neurogenesis in Mammalian Brain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21144869"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00433-z","article-title":"Formation and integration of new neurons in the adult hippocampus","volume":"22","author":"Jessberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2544995","article-title":"Cloning of breakpoints of a chromosome translocation identifies the AN2 locus","volume":"244","author":"Gessler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(92)90002-A","article-title":"Resolution of the two loci for autosomal dominant aniridia, AN1 and AN2, to a single locus on chromosome 11p13","volume":"13","author":"Lyons","year":"1992","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1086\/514346","article-title":"Mendelian Inheritance in Man and its online version, OMIM","volume":"80","author":"McKusick","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.21466","article-title":"A new face and new challenges for Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM\u00ae)","volume":"32","author":"Amberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90601-A","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a zinc finger polypeptide gene at the human chromosome 11 Wilms\u2019 tumor locus","volume":"60","author":"Call","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.36325","article-title":"Narrowing of the responsible region for severe developmental delay and autistic behaviors in WAGR syndrome down to 1.6\u2009Mb including PAX6, WT1, and PRRG4","volume":"164","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. A"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1159\/000172086","article-title":"Characterization of 11p14-p12 deletion in WAGR syndrome by array CGH for identifying genes contributing to mental retardation and autism","volume":"122","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-008-0484-x","article-title":"Pax6 3\u2032 deletion results in aniridia, autism and mental retardation","volume":"123","author":"Davis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147283","article-title":"Structural and functional consequences of PAX6 mutations in the brain: Implications for aniridia","volume":"1756","author":"Grant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2009.07.021","article-title":"A novel missense mutation (Leu46Val) of PAX6 found in an autistic patient","volume":"462","author":"Maekawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.005439","article-title":"SFARI Gene: An evolving database for the autism research community","volume":"3","author":"Packer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2040-2392-4-36","article-title":"SFARI Gene 2.0: A community-driven knowledgebase for the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs)","volume":"4","author":"Abrahams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1985","article-title":"Mapping autism risk loci using genetic linkage and chromosomal rearrangements","volume":"39","author":"Szatmari","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14186","article-title":"Loss of \u03b4-catenin function in severe autism","volume":"520","author":"Turner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2006.07.045","article-title":"Pax6 is required for delta-catenin\/neurojugin expression during retinal, cerebellar and cortical development in mice","volume":"300","author":"Duparc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hiraoka, K., Sumiyoshi, A., Nonaka, H., Kikkawa, T., Kawashima, R., and Osumi, N. (2016). Regional Volume Decreases in the Brain of Pax6 Heterozygous Mutant Rats: MRI Deformation-Based Morphometry. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158153"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-012-0397-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal expression patterns of Pax6 in the brain of embryonic, newborn, and adult mice","volume":"218","author":"Duan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"Paxinos, G., and Franklin, K.B.J. (2001). The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5669-08.2009","article-title":"Selective cortical layering abnormalities and behavioral deficits in cortex-specific Pax6 knock-out mice","volume":"29","author":"Tuoc","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maekawa, M., Takashima, N., Matsumata, M., Ikegami, S., Kontani, M., Hara, Y., Kawashima, H., Owada, Y., Kiso, Y., and Yoshikawa, T. (2009). Arachidonic acid drives postnatal neurogenesis and elicits a beneficial effect on prepulse inhibition, a biological trait of psychiatric illnesses. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005085"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Umeda, T., Takashima, N., Nakagawa, R., Maekawa, M., Ikegami, S., Yoshikawa, T., Kobayashi, K., Okanoya, K., Inokuchi, K., and Osumi, N. (2010). Evaluation of Pax6 mutant rat as a model for autism. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015500"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshizaki, K., Furuse, T., Kimura, R., Tucci, V., Kaneda, H., Wakana, S., and Osumi, N. (2016). Paternal Aging Affects Behavior in Pax6 Mutant Mice: A Gene\/Environment Interaction in Understanding Neurodevelopmental Disorders. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166665"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/11.7.755","article-title":"Novel ENU-induced eye mutations in the mouse: Models for human eye disease","volume":"11","author":"Thaung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01337-x","article-title":"PAX6 mutation alters circadian rhythm and \u03b2 cell function in mice without affecting glucose tolerance","volume":"3","author":"Chhabra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20097","article-title":"Pax6 is a direct, positively regulated target of the circadian gene Clock","volume":"230","author":"Morgan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12623","article-title":"Pax6-dependent regulation of the rat Fabp7 promoter activity","volume":"23","author":"Inada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.01.020","article-title":"Profiles of novel diurnally regulated genes in mouse hypothalamus: Expression analysis of the cysteine and histidine-rich domain-containing, zinc-binding protein 1, the fatty acid-binding protein 7 and the GTPase, ras-like family member 11b","volume":"139","author":"Gerstner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00906","article-title":"A transcription factor response element for gene expression during circadian night","volume":"418","author":"Ueda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0409-5","article-title":"Sleep as a translationally-relevant endpoint in studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD)","volume":"45","author":"Missig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12982","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12982","article-title":"Aniridia with PAX6 mutations and narcolepsy","volume":"29","author":"Berntsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13163","article-title":"REST and stress resistance in ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"507","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/11\/6115\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:21:55Z","timestamp":1760138515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/11\/6115"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"references-count":175,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23116115"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23116115","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]}}}