{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:44:57Z","timestamp":1784544297167,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea government","award":["NRF-2017R1A3B1023418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2017R1A3B1023418"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea government","award":["NRF-2021R1C1C1008217"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1C1C1008217"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has created a global public crisis and heavily affected personal lives, healthcare systems, and global economies. Virus variants are continuously emerging, and, thus, the pandemic has been ongoing for over two years. Vaccines were rapidly developed based on the original SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1) to build immunity against the coronavirus disease. However, they had a very low effect on the virus\u2019 variants due to their low cross-reactivity. In this study, a multivalent SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was developed using ferritin nanocages, which display the spike protein from the Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.351, or B.1.429 SARS-CoV-2 on their surfaces. We show that the mixture of three SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-displaying nanocages elicits CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B-cell immunity successfully in vivo. Furthermore, they generate a more consistent antibody response against the B.1.351 and B.1.429 variants than a monovalent vaccine. This leads us to believe that the proposed ferritin-nanocage-based multivalent vaccine platform will provide strong protection against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]],"date-time":"2022-05-30T10:05:14Z","timestamp":1653905114000},"page":"6123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Multivalent Vaccine Based on Ferritin Nanocage Elicits Potent Protective Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Mutations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Seong A.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02456, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seohyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, ShiftBio, Seoul 02751, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7080-0175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gi Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, ShiftBio, Seoul 02751, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Goo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02456, Korea"},{"name":"KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyunghee University, Seoul 02447, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeram","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Hoon","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, ShiftBio, Seoul 02751, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungho","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department Drug Development Division, LabGenomics Corporation, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeerk","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department Drug Development Division, LabGenomics Corporation, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Hwan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department Drug Development Division, LabGenomics Corporation, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Gyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&D Department Drug Development Division, LabGenomics Corporation, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-San","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02456, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Research and Development, ShiftBio, Seoul 02751, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4248-8193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2022, April 14). 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