{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T10:39:13Z","timestamp":1782729553617,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003627","name":"Rural Development Administration research program, Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJ01605601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJ01605601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coloration of the apple fruit (Malus \u00d7 domestica Borkh.) depends on pigment content. Light stimulus activates a broad range of photosynthesis-related genes, including carotenoids. The effect of light on two red commercial apple cultivars, \u2018Summer Prince\u2019 and \u2018Arisoo\u2019 at the juvenile stage were examined. Apple fruits were either bagged to reduce light irradiation or were exposed to direct, enhanced sunlight (reflected). The pigment content and the expression of carotenoid metabolism genes in the peel and flesh of apple fruits were significantly different between the shaded and the reflected parts. These parameters were also different in the two cultivars, highlighting the contribution of the genetic background. Further, a combination of light and transient overexpression of carotenogenic genes increased fruit coloration and pigment content in the variety \u2018RubyS\u2019. Western blot analysis showed the expression of small heat shock proteins (smHSP) in lysates extracted from the reflected part of the fruits but not in the bagged fruits, indicating the activation of smHSP in response to heat generated by the reflected light. Therefore, the synergy between the genes and the environment dictates the color of apple fruits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"6153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Light Induces Carotenoid Biosynthesis-Related Gene Expression, Accumulation of Pigment Content, and Expression of the Small Heat Shock Protein in Apple Fruit"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2960-3847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Van Giap","family":"Do","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2248-2528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsuk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hunjoong","family":"Kweon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postharvest Technology Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seonae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apple Research Institute, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Gunwi 39000, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199971122273","article-title":"Cancer prevention by carotenoids","volume":"71","author":"Nishino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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