{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T02:59:38Z","timestamp":1762052378806,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)","award":["LE 824\/10-1","76251-99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1","76251-99"]}]},{"name":"University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation","award":["LE 824\/10-1","76251-99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1","76251-99"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Lower Saxony","award":["LE 824\/10-1","76251-99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE 824\/10-1","76251-99"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Canine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) represents a neoplasia with poor prognosis. Due to the high metastatic rate of HS, there is urgency to improve treatment options and to prevent tumor metastases. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA (ssRNA (-)) virus with potentially oncolytic properties. Moreover, vasostatin and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are attractive molecules in cancer therapy research because of their anti-angiogenetic properties and potential modulation of the tumor microenvironment. In the present study, an in vitro characterization of two genetically engineered viruses based on the CDV strain Onderstepoort (CDV-Ond), CDV-Ondneon-vasostatin and CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF was performed. Canine histiocytic sarcoma cells (DH82 cells) were persistently infected with CDV-Ond, CDV-Ondneon, CDV-Ondneon-vasostatin and CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF and characterized on a molecular and protein level regarding their vasostatin and GM-CSF production. Interestingly, DH82 cells persistently infected with CDV-Ondneon-vasostatin showed a significantly increased number of vasostatin mRNA transcripts. Similarly, DH82 cells persistently infected with CDV-Ondneon-GM-CSF displayed an increased number of GM-CSF mRNA transcripts mirrored on the protein level as confirmed by immunofluorescence and Western blot. In summary, modified CDV-Ond strains expressed GM-CSF and vasostatin, rendering them promising candidates for the improvement of oncolytic virotherapies, which should be further detailed in future in vivo studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T05:25:42Z","timestamp":1653974742000},"page":"6156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Persistent Infection of a Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cell Line with Attenuated Canine Distemper Virus Expressing Vasostatin or Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Marek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Armando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Maria","family":"Nippold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Rohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Plattet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Clinical Research, Vetsuisse University Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Brogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1326-5038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisa","family":"Gerold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-5644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2592-6868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Puff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-018-0066-8","article-title":"Longevity and mortality in Kennel Club registered dog breeds in the UK in 2014","volume":"5","author":"Lewis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canine Genet. 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