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They primary effects in cells is the formation of membrane nanopores and the activation of ionic channels, leading to an incremental increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, which triggers a signaling cascade producing a variety of effects: from apoptosis up to cell differentiation and proliferation. Further, nsPEF may affect organelles, making nsPEF a unique tool to manipulate and study cells. This technique is exploited in a broad spectrum of applications, such as: sterilization in the food industry, seed germination, anti-parasitic effects, wound healing, increased immune response, activation of neurons and myocites, cell proliferation, cellular phenotype manipulation, modulation of gene expression, and as a novel cancer treatment. This review thoroughly explores both nsPEF\u2019s history and applications, with emphasis on the cellular effects from a biophysics perspective, highlighting the role of ionic channels as a mechanistic driver of the increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T09:24:29Z","timestamp":1653989069000},"page":"6158","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field (nsPEF): Opening the Biotechnological Pandora\u2019s Box"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Alvaro R.","family":"Ruiz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Lab, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Lab, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9818-6311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian E.","family":"Gutierrez-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Lab, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gonzalo","family":"N\u00fa\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Lab, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-172X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Villanelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Lab, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3769-390X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Perez-Acle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computational Biology Lab, Centro Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico de Excelencia Ciencia & Vida, Fundaci\u00f3n Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 7780272, Chile"},{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Tecnolog\u00eda, Universidad San Sebastian, Bellavista 7, Santiago 8420524, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meijerink, M.R., Scheffer, H.J., and Narayanan, G. 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