{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:14:45Z","timestamp":1791630885545,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Science Foundation","award":["21-75-10021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-75-10021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers, with the worst prognosis and the highest mortality rate. Peritoneal dissemination (or carcinomatosis) accompanied by ascites formation is the most unfavorable factor in the progression and recurrence of OC. Tumor cells in ascites are present as either separate cells or, more often, as cell aggregates, i.e., spheroids which promote implantation on the surface of nearby organs and, at later stages, metastases to distant organs. Malignant ascites comprises a unique tumor microenvironment; this fact may be of relevance in the search for new prognostic and predictive factors that would make it possible to personalize the treatment of patients with OC. However, the precise mechanisms of spheroid formation and carcinomatosis are still under investigation. Here, we summarize data on ascites composition as well as the activity of fibroblasts and macrophages, the key stromal and immune components, in OC ascites. We describe current knowledge about the role of fibroblasts and macrophages in tumor spheroid formation, and discuss the specific functions of fibroblasts, macrophages and T cells in tumor peritoneal dissemination and implantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T12:48:31Z","timestamp":1654087711000},"page":"6215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Spheroid Formation and Peritoneal Metastasis in Ovarian Cancer: The Role of Stromal and Immune Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Militsa","family":"Rakina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kazakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2773-1917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa","family":"Villert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Kolomiets","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Larionova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cancer Progression Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m3773","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m3773","article-title":"Treatment of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer","volume":"371","author":"Kuroki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S197604","article-title":"Ovarian Cancer in the World: Epidemiology and Risk Factors","volume":"11","author":"Momenimovahed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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