{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:31:25Z","timestamp":1790829085434,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging (NIA)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG062176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG062176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science","award":["R01AG062176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG062176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Physical activity may offset cognitive decline and dementia, but the molecular mechanisms by which it promotes neuroprotection remain elusive. In the absence of disease-modifying therapies, understanding the molecular effects of physical activity in the brain may be useful for identifying novel targets for disease management. Here we employed several bioinformatic methods to dissect the molecular underpinnings of physical activity in brain health. Network analysis identified \u2018switch genes\u2019 associated with drastic hippocampal transcriptional changes in aged cognitively intact individuals. Switch genes are key genes associated with dramatic transcriptional changes and thus may play a fundamental role in disease pathogenesis. Switch genes are associated with protein processing pathways and the metabolic control of glucose, lipids, and fatty acids. Correlation analysis showed that transcriptional patterns associated with physical activity significantly overlapped and negatively correlated with those of neurodegenerative diseases. Functional analysis revealed that physical activity might confer neuroprotection in Alzheimer\u2019s (AD), Parkinson\u2019s (PD), and Huntington\u2019s (HD) diseases via the upregulation of synaptic signaling pathways. In contrast, in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) its effects are mediated by restoring mitochondrial function and energy precursors. Additionally, physical activity is associated with the downregulation of genes involved in inflammation in AD, neurogenesis in FTD, regulation of growth and transcriptional repression in PD, and glial cell differentiation in HD. Collectively, these findings suggest that physical activity directs transcriptional changes in the brain through different pathways across the broad spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. These results provide new evidence on the unique and shared mechanisms between physical activity and neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T04:46:23Z","timestamp":1654145183000},"page":"6223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Physical Activity Rewires the Human Brain against Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jose A.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NeuroHub Analytics, LLC, Chicago, IL 60605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Q Regulating Systems, LLC, Gurnee, IL 60031, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-3071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith A.","family":"Potashkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.09.008","article-title":"Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"Erickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. 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