{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:30:13Z","timestamp":1793039413531,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82027802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82027802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005090","name":"Beijing Nova Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82027802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82027802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Hundred Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project","award":["Z211100002121038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121038"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Hundred Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project","award":["32100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100925"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Hundred Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project","award":["82027802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82027802"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Hundred Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project","award":["2019A36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A36"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Hundred Thousand and Ten Thousand Talents Project","award":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005088","name":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z211100002121038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z211100002121038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005088","name":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32100925"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32100925"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005088","name":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82027802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82027802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005088","name":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019A36"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A36"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005088","name":"Beijing Municipal Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303\u201301\u2013005-0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005088","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID) is a major heterogeneous brain disease caused by multiple factors, and it is the second most common type of dementia in the world. It is caused by long-term chronic low perfusion in the whole brain or local brain area, and it eventually develops into severe cognitive dysfunction syndrome. Because of the disease\u2019s ambiguous classification and diagnostic criteria, there is no clear treatment strategy for VCID, and the association between cerebrovascular pathology and cognitive impairment is controversial. Neuroinflammation is an immunological cascade reaction mediated by glial cells in the central nervous system where innate immunity resides. Inflammatory reactions could be triggered by various damaging events, including hypoxia, ischemia, and infection. Long-term chronic hypoperfusion-induced ischemia and hypoxia can overactivate neuroinflammation, causing apoptosis, blood\u2013brain barrier damage and other pathological changes, triggering or aggravating the occurrence and development of VCID. In this review, we will explore the mechanisms of neuroinflammation induced by ischemia and hypoxia caused by chronic hypoperfusion and emphasize the important role of neuroinflammation in the development of VCID from the perspective of immune cells, immune mediators and immune signaling pathways, so as to provide valuable ideas for the prevention and treatment of the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T04:46:23Z","timestamp":1654145183000},"page":"6224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Neuroinflammation in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Current Evidence, Advances, and Prospects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhengming","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunming","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6711-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Ministry of Science and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18003","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.3","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Skoog","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804385","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.804385","article-title":"Differential Diagnosis of Rare Subtypes of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and PSP-Like Syndromes-Infrequent Manifestations of the Most Common Form of Atypical Parkinsonism","volume":"14","author":"Krzosek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668614","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.668614","article-title":"The Significance of Vascular Pathogenesis in the Examination of Corticobasal Syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Dunalska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2015.1","article-title":"Tau in physiology and pathology","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182299496","article-title":"Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: A statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association\/american stroke association","volume":"42","author":"Gorelick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.507392","article-title":"Gray matter atrophy in patients with ischemic stroke with cognitive impairment","volume":"39","author":"Stebbins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191092","article-title":"The Prevalence of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"73","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/MOH.0000000000000502","article-title":"Emerging molecular mechanisms of vascular dementia","volume":"26","author":"Romay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.6186","article-title":"The Role of Autophagy in Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation","volume":"40","author":"Sha","year":"2021","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00889-6","article-title":"Recent advances in molecular pathways and therapeutic implications targeting neuroinflammation for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Dhapola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106479","article-title":"Pharmacological approaches to mitigate neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"84","author":"Uddin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S369","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2010-100543","article-title":"Mitochondria and the link between neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration","volume":"20","author":"Chiasserini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"9999146","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: An Integrating Overview of Reactive-Neuroimmune Cell Interactions in Health and Disease","volume":"2021","author":"Udovin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.07.004","article-title":"Stem cell therapy for abrogating stroke-induced neuroinflammation and relevant secondary cell death mechanisms","volume":"158","author":"Stonesifer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3716","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI84433","article-title":"Hypoxia-dependent regulation of inflammatory pathways in immune cells","volume":"126","author":"Taylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.08.012","article-title":"Astrocyte Crosstalk in CNS Inflammation","volume":"108","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.04.034","article-title":"Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel","volume":"73","author":"Iadecola","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.007","article-title":"Progress toward standardized diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment: Guidelines from the Vascular Impairment of Cognition Classification Consensus Study","volume":"14","author":"Skrobot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(95)00116-J","article-title":"Chronic brain ischemia: The contributions of Otto Binswanger and Alois Alzheimer to the mechanisms of vascular dementia","volume":"132","author":"Mast","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.01.025","article-title":"Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Reduces Long Term Renal Graft Survival: Mechanism and Beyond","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00421","article-title":"\u03b4-Opioid Receptors, microRNAs, and Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia\/Hypoxia","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.228711","article-title":"Cerebral ischemia and neuroregeneration","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neural. Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757","article-title":"Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2020 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Virani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0483-x","article-title":"Inflammation and Stroke: An Overview","volume":"13","author":"Anrather","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01075","article-title":"Cellular oxygen sensing need in CNS function: Physiological and pathological implications","volume":"207","author":"Acker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079220","article-title":"Single-neuron activity and tissue oxygenation in the cerebral cortex","volume":"299","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12117","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factor signalling mechanisms in the central nervous system","volume":"208","author":"Corcoran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1142","article-title":"Hypoxia: From Placental Development to Fetal Programming","volume":"109","author":"Fajersztajn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.5.668","article-title":"Inflammatory proteins in plasma and the risk of dementia: The rotterdam study","volume":"61","author":"Engelhart","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01668","article-title":"The Emerging Role of Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2 as a Target for Immunomodulation in Ischemic Stroke","volume":"10","author":"Gervois","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2007.01.003","article-title":"Permanent, bilateral common carotid artery occlusion in the rat: A model for chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-related neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"54","author":"Farkas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9786-5","article-title":"Prevention of Hippocampal Neuronal Damage and Cognitive Function Deficits in Vascular Dementia by Dextromethorphan","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2015.3512","article-title":"Fructus mume Ethanol Extract Prevents Inflammation and Normalizes the Septohippocampal Cholinergic System in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"782","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte precursors induce early blood-brain barrier opening after white matter injury","volume":"123","author":"Seo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3576","article-title":"Oxidative stress in ischemic brain damage: Mechanisms of cell death and potential molecular targets for neuroprotection","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9915-1","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Vascular Dementia: What Can Be Learned from Animal Models of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion?","volume":"54","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22484","article-title":"White matter lesions defined by diffusion tensor imaging in older adults","volume":"70","author":"Back","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5115\/acb.2014.47.3.149","article-title":"Neuroprotection of antioxidant enzymes against transient global cerebral ischemia in gerbils","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1159\/000467392","article-title":"Hypoxic-Ischaemic Encephalopathy and the Blood-Brain Barrier in Neonates","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_29_20","article-title":"Occludin regulation of blood-brain barrier and potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.07.030","article-title":"Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"37","author":"Abbott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.10.067","article-title":"Establishment and Dysfunction of the Blood-Brain Barrier","volume":"163","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.600825","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases are associated with increased blood-brain barrier opening in vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"42","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2007.00828.x","article-title":"White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: Astrocytic, microglial and oligodendrocyte precursor cell responses","volume":"33","author":"Simpson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200201000-00012","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier disruption in white matter lesions in a rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"22","author":"Ueno","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.07.030","article-title":"The Neurovascular Unit Coming of Age: A Journey through Neurovascular Coupling in Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Iadecola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.48","article-title":"Cerebral blood flow regulation and neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer disease","volume":"18","author":"Kisler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.10.008","article-title":"The pathobiology of vascular dementia","volume":"80","author":"Iadecola","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2021.02.025","article-title":"Clarifying the effects of diabetes on the cerebral circulation: Implications for stroke recovery and beyond","volume":"171","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.08.011","article-title":"Mitochondria: Participation to infertility as source of energy and cause of senescence","volume":"55","author":"Benkhalifa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.05.010","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptor deficiency exacerbates white matter lesions and cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in mice","volume":"285","author":"Duan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00079","DOI":"10.1042\/AN20110060","article-title":"Roles of white matter in central nervous system pathophysiologies","volume":"4","author":"Matute","year":"2012","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2480","article-title":"Remyelination in the CNS: From biology to therapy","volume":"9","author":"Franklin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawahara, M., Tanaka, K.I., and Kato-Negishi, M. (2021). Copper as a Collaborative Partner of Zinc-Induced Neurotoxicity in the Pathogenesis of Vascular Dementia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147242"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6","article-title":"The semantics of microglia activation: Neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress","volume":"18","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12198","article-title":"Alterations in immune cells and mediators in the brain: It\u2019s not always neuroinflammation!","volume":"24","author":"Estes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00408-1","article-title":"Glycosphingolipids and neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Belarbi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: The devil is in the details","volume":"139","author":"DiSabato","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2013.10.004","article-title":"Neuroinflammation: The role and consequences","volume":"79","author":"Lyman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurcau, A., and Simion, A. (2021). Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injuries: From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Strategies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23010014"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MB00470E","article-title":"Potential of serum metabolites for diagnosing post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_65_19","article-title":"A promising tool to tackle the risk of cerebral vascular disease, the emergence of novel carotid wall imaging","volume":"6","author":"Alkhalil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"Cd012095","article-title":"Celecoxib for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"6","author":"Fidahic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.BC_4_18","article-title":"Hypothermia and brain inflammation after cardiac arrest","volume":"4","author":"Farrokh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286418789854","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418789854","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory treatments for stroke: From bench to bedside","volume":"11","author":"Drieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01401-0","article-title":"Pathobiology of ischaemic stroke: An integrated view","volume":"22","author":"Dirnagl","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"213","article-title":"Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in the Brain: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"5","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-014-0243-5","article-title":"Trans-caryophyllene suppresses hypoxia-induced neuroinflammatory responses by inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation in microglia","volume":"54","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"105","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors as essential regulators of inflammation","volume":"345","author":"Imtiyaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1187","article-title":"Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy","volume":"3","author":"Semenza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2015.21","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced neuroinflammatory white-matter injury reduced by minocycline in SHR\/SP","volume":"35","author":"Jalal","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24006","article-title":"Neurological deficits caused by tissue hypoxia in neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlx036","article-title":"The Interplay of MicroRNAs in the Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Ischemic Stroke","volume":"76","author":"Khoshnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7865","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1200081109","article-title":"MicroRNAs miR-125a and miR-125b constitutively activate the NF-\u03baB pathway by targeting the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3, A20)","volume":"109","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S.Z., Wang, Q.Q., Yang, Q.Q., Gu, H.Y., Yin, Y.Q., Li, Y.D., Hou, J.C., Chen, R., Sun, Q.Q., and Sun, Y.F. (2019). NG2 glia regulate brain innate immunity via TGF-\u03b22\/TGFBR2 axis. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1439-x"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.04.013","article-title":"Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains","volume":"29","author":"Pelvig","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2495","article-title":"Polydendrocytes (NG2 cells): Multifunctional cells with lineage plasticity","volume":"10","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3390","article-title":"Oligodendrocyte progenitors balance growth with self-repulsion to achieve homeostasis in the adult brain","volume":"16","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.08.053","article-title":"Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts","volume":"179","author":"Prinz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9658-2_3","article-title":"Physiology of Microglia","volume":"2034","author":"Garaschuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1997","article-title":"Microglia: Active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain","volume":"10","author":"Hanisch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13266","article-title":"Heterogeneity of microglia and their differential roles in white matter pathology","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000221308.94473.14","article-title":"White matter lesions in an unselected cohort of the elderly: Molecular pathology suggests origin from chronic hypoperfusion injury","volume":"37","author":"Fernando","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a020479","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a020479","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes: Myelination and Axonal Support","volume":"8","author":"Simons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.01.005","article-title":"The biphasic function of microglia in ischemic stroke","volume":"157","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.35841","article-title":"Microglia exacerbate white matter injury via complement C3\/C3aR pathway after hypoperfusion","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22836","article-title":"Astrocyte development: A Guide for the Perplexed","volume":"63","author":"Molofsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3898","article-title":"Astrocyte barriers to neurotoxic inflammation","volume":"16","author":"Sofroniew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1222381","article-title":"Regional astrocyte allocation regulates CNS synaptogenesis and repair","volume":"337","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13161","article-title":"Astrocyte-encoded positional cues maintain sensorimotor circuit integrity","volume":"509","author":"Molofsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.159","article-title":"Functional diversity of astrocytes in neural circuit regulation","volume":"18","author":"Rowitch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(99)00137-0","article-title":"Role of astrocytes in the clearance of excess extracellular potassium","volume":"36","author":"Walz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.1","article-title":"Induction of hyperhomocysteinemia models vascular dementia by induction of cerebral microhemorrhages and neuroinflammation","volume":"33","author":"Sudduth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14273","article-title":"An emerging role of astrocytes in vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"144","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuhn, S., Gritti, L., Crooks, D., and Dombrowski, Y. (2019). Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111424"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-08-02477.1991","article-title":"Evidence for the ventral origin of oligodendrocyte precursors in the rat spinal cord","volume":"11","author":"Warf","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22480","article-title":"Delayed cortical impairment following lipopolysaccharide exposure in preterm fetal sheep","volume":"70","author":"Dean","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09614","article-title":"Myelination and support of axonal integrity by glia","volume":"468","author":"Nave","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.03.021","article-title":"Early Fate Defines Microglia and Non-parenchymal Brain Macrophage Development","volume":"181","author":"Utz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20208","article-title":"CD163-positive perivascular macrophages in the human CNS express molecules for antigen recognition and presentation","volume":"51","author":"Fabriek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3269","article-title":"Involvement of specific macrophage-lineage cells surrounding arterioles in barrier and scavenger function in brain cortex","volume":"93","author":"Mato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0805453106","article-title":"Selective targeting of perivascular macrophages for clearance of beta-amyloid in cerebral amyloid angiopathy","volume":"106","author":"Hawkes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005888107","article-title":"Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) regulates perivascular macrophages and modifies amyloid pathology in an Alzheimer mouse model","volume":"107","author":"Thanopoulou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311054","article-title":"Brain Perivascular Macrophages Initiate the Neurovascular Dysfunction of Alzheimer A\u03b2 Peptides","volume":"121","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-018-0581-6","article-title":"CNS-border associated macrophages respond to acute ischemic stroke attracting granulocytes and promoting vascular leakage","volume":"6","author":"Pedragosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104722","article-title":"Defining molecular identity and fates of CNS-border associated macrophages after ischemic stroke in rodents and humans","volume":"137","author":"Rajan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2014.09.005","article-title":"Protective role of luteolin against cognitive dysfunction induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats","volume":"126","author":"Fu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2007.12.005","article-title":"Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by right unilateral common carotid artery occlusion causes delayed white matter lesions and cognitive impairment in adult mice","volume":"210","author":"Yoshizaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.03.033","article-title":"Ecto-5\u2032-nucleotidase (CD73) is involved in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter lesions and cognitive impairment by regulating glial cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"297","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012.e25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2011.10.033","article-title":"Selective white matter abnormalities in a novel rat model of vascular dementia","volume":"33","author":"Kitamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.M., Bang, J., Kim, B.Y., Lee, I.S., Han, J.S., Hwang, B.Y., and Jeon, W.K. (2015). Fructus mume alleviates chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter and hippocampal damage via inhibition of inflammation and downregulation of TLR4 and p38 MAPK signaling. BMC Complement Altern. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-015-0652-1"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-014-0374-6","article-title":"Remote ischemic postconditioning: Harnessing endogenous protection in a murine model of vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"6","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121786","article-title":"Protective role of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) against cognitive impairment in rat model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"34","author":"Won","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-110566","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases in combination with subcortical and cortical biomarkers in vascular dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Bjerke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2009.12.043","article-title":"Microglia transplantation attenuates white matter injury in rat chronic ischemia model via matrix metalloproteinase-2 inhibition","volume":"1316","author":"Narantuya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18185","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4936-11.2011","article-title":"Rapid disruption of axon-glial integrity in response to mild cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"31","author":"Reimer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.06.005","article-title":"p38(MAPK): Stress responses from molecular mechanisms to therapeutics","volume":"15","author":"Coulthard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100323","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of p38 MAPK signalling","volume":"429","author":"Cuadrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.02.004","article-title":"Targeting the TLR4 signaling pathway by polyphenols: A novel therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammation","volume":"36","author":"Rahimifard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"8253904","article-title":"Acupuncture Attenuates Inflammation in Microglia of Vascular Dementia Rats by Inhibiting miR-93-Mediated TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-010-0818-2","article-title":"Minocycline reduces astrocytic reactivation and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of a vascular cognitive impairment rat model","volume":"26","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-1009-0","article-title":"Asiatic acid attenuates methamphetamine-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity through blocking of NF-kB\/STAT3\/ERK and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway","volume":"14","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-016-0350-3","article-title":"Astroglial NF-kB contributes to white matter damage and cognitive impairment in a mouse model of vascular dementia","volume":"4","author":"Saggu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1717-7","article-title":"Impact of multiple pathologies on the threshold for clinically overt dementia","volume":"134","author":"Kapasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000271090.28148.24","article-title":"Mixed brain pathologies account for most dementia cases in community-dwelling older persons","volume":"69","author":"Schneider","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30029-1","article-title":"Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000095973.42032.44","article-title":"Circle of willis atherosclerosis is a risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Roher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx047","article-title":"Emerging concepts in sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy","volume":"140","author":"Charidimou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11934","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11934","article-title":"Early role of vascular dysregulation on late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease based on multifactorial data-driven analysis","volume":"7","author":"Sotero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_18_20","article-title":"Updates on the association of brain injury and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Klomparens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.062","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Vascular Aging: JACC Focus Seminar","volume":"75","author":"Iadecola","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000143317.70478.b3","article-title":"Atherosclerosis of cerebral arteries in Alzheimer disease","volume":"35","author":"Roher","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0182-5","article-title":"Resolving atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease","volume":"16","author":"Fredman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00115","article-title":"Impaired A\u03b2 clearance: A potential link between atherosclerosis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00871","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.871","article-title":"Donepezil improves vascular function in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5284.99","article-title":"Correlative memory deficits, Abeta elevation, and amyloid plaques in transgenic mice","volume":"274","author":"Hsiao","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3966","article-title":"GLUT1 reductions exacerbate Alzheimer\u2019s disease vasculo-neuronal dysfunction and degeneration","volume":"18","author":"Winkler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12208","article-title":"Invited review: Neuropathology of tauopathies: Principles and practice","volume":"41","author":"Kovacs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00541-5","article-title":"Evolving concepts in progressive supranuclear palsy and other 4-repeat tauopathies","volume":"17","author":"Stamelou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1858","article-title":"A protein factor essential for microtubule assembly","volume":"72","author":"Weingarten","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32205-4","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"397","author":"Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12995","article-title":"Some New and Unexpected Tauopathies in Movement Disorders","volume":"7","author":"Mulroy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"107286","article-title":"Role of Hypertension in Aggravating Abeta Neuropathology of AD Type and Tau-Mediated Motor Impairment","volume":"2009","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602913103","article-title":"An inhibitor of tau hyperphosphorylation prevents severe motor impairments in tau transgenic mice","volume":"103","author":"Klafki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-07.2007","article-title":"Accumulation of pathological tau species and memory loss in a conditional model of tauopathy","volume":"27","author":"Berger","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637176","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.637176","article-title":"Clinical Features Observed in General Practice Associated With the Subsequent Diagnosis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy","volume":"12","author":"Kwasny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767480","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.767480","article-title":"The Rate of Decrease in Brain Perfusion in Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Syndrome May Be Impacted by Glycemic Variability-A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"Alster","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-018-0048-7","article-title":"Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes mellitus: Mechanisms and clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Biessels","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.04.017","article-title":"Common neurodegenerative pathways in obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1863","author":"Pugazhenthi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devi, L., Alldred, M.J., Ginsberg, S.D., and Ohno, M. (2012). Mechanisms underlying insulin deficiency-induced acceleration of \u03b2-amyloidosis in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032792"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-014-0127-9","article-title":"From chronic cerebral hypoperfusion to Alzheimer-like brain pathology and neurodegeneration","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.090750","article-title":"Oligemic hypoperfusion differentially affects tau and amyloid-\u03b2","volume":"177","author":"Koike","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00893","article-title":"Microglial Activation and Inflammation as a Factor in the Pathogenesis of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP)","volume":"14","author":"Alster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0242-x","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegeneration","volume":"21","author":"Hickman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/11\/6224\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:23:42Z","timestamp":1760138622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/11\/6224"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23116224"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23116224","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]}}}