{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:43:17Z","timestamp":1791398597583,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Norwegian Research Council","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"the Norwegian Research Council","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]},{"name":"University of Oslo","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"University of Oslo","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"Oslo University Hospital","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (USA) National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health (USA) National Institute of General Medical Sciences","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["RO1GM038765"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1GM038765"]}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute","award":["R01 EY019470"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY019470"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), including Maresins (MaR)-1 and 2, contribute to tear film homeostasis and resolve conjunctival inflammation. We investigated MaR2\u2032s signaling pathways in goblet cells (GC) from rat conjunctiva. Agonist-induced [Ca2+]i and high-molecular weight glycoconjugate secretion were measured. MaR2 increased [Ca2+]i and stimulated secretion. MaR2 and MaR1 stimulate conjunctival goblet cell function, especially secretion, by activating different but overlapping GPCR and signaling pathways, and furthermore counter-regulate histamine stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i. Thus, MaR2 and MaR1 play a role in maintaining the ocular surface and tear film homeostasis in health and disease. As MaR2 and MaR1 modulate conjunctival goblet cell function, they each may have potential as novel, but differing, options for the treatment of ocular surface inflammatory diseases including allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye disease. We conclude that in conjunctival GC MaR2 and MaR1, both increase the [Ca2+]i and stimulate secretion to maintain homeostasis by using one set of different, but overlapping, signaling pathways to increase [Ca2+]i and another set to stimulate secretion. MaR2 also resolves ocular allergy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]],"date-time":"2022-06-02T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1654167902000},"page":"6233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Signaling Pathways Used by the Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediator Maresin 2 Regulate Goblet Cell Function: Comparison with Maresin 1"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Markus V.","family":"Olsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute\/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne V.","family":"Lyngstadaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute\/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Bair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute\/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin R.","family":"Hodges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute\/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor P.","family":"Utheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute\/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4627-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles N.","family":"Serhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darlene A.","family":"Dartt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute\/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.07.027","article-title":"Tear film mucins: Front line defenders of the ocular surface; comparison with airway and gastrointestinal tract mucins","volume":"117","author":"Hodges","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. 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