{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:38:18Z","timestamp":1775885898727,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST-108-2314-B-006-094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-108-2314-B-006-094"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST-109-2314-B-006-034-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-109-2314-B-006-034-MY3"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST-108-2314-B-006-094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-108-2314-B-006-094"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","award":["MOST-109-2314-B-006-034-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-109-2314-B-006-034-MY3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder in modern society. One of the major unmet challenges is that current antiseizure medications are basically not disease-modifying. Among the multifaceted etiologies of epilepsy, the role of the immune system has attracted considerable attention in recent years. It is known that both innate and adaptive immunity can be activated in response to insults to the central nervous system, leading to seizures. Moreover, the interaction between ion channels, which have a well-established role in epileptogenesis and epilepsy, and the immune system is complex and is being actively investigated. Some examples, including the interaction between ion channels and mTOR pathways, will be discussed in this paper. Furthermore, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology of epilepsy associated with autoimmune encephalitis, and numerous neural-specific autoantibodies have been found and documented. Early recognition of immune-mediated epilepsy is important, especially in cases of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and in the presence of signs of autoimmune encephalitis, as early intervention with immunotherapy shows promise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T02:25:33Z","timestamp":1654827933000},"page":"6446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Immunity, Ion Channels and Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2878-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsang-Shan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Tainan Sin-Lau Hospital, Tainan 701002, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chi","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huai-Ying Ingrid","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Program, McGill University, Montr\u00e9al, QC H3A0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheng-Nan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3335-2187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin-Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14596","article-title":"The epidemiology of drug resistant epilepsy: A systemic revies and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Kalilani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011839","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of drug-resistant epilepsy: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1177\/1535759720905516","article-title":"Time to start calling things by their own names? 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