{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T13:13:12Z","timestamp":1769346792895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]],"date-time":"2022-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012774","name":"Innovation Fund Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5189-00147B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5189-00147B"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in insulin and insulin receptor genes may influence the interaction between the two molecules, as may anti-insulin antibodies (IAs), commonly found in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) treated with exogenous insulin. We examined the impact of two SNPs in the human insulin gene (INS), rs3842752 and rs689, and two in the insulin receptor gene (INSR) rs2245649 and rs2229429, on disease susceptibility, glycaemic control, and IAs formation in 100 T1D patients and 101 T2D patients treated with insulin. 79 individuals without diabetes were typed as healthy controls. The minor alleles of rs3842752 and rs689 in INS protected against T1D (OR: 0.50, p = 0.01 and OR: 0.44; p = 0.002, respectively). The minor alleles of both rs2245649 and rs2229429 in INSR were risk factors for poor glycaemic control (HbA1c \u2265 80 mmol\/mol) in T1D (OR: 5.35, p = 0.009 and OR: 3.10, p = 0.01, respectively). Surprisingly, the minor alleles of rs2245649 and rs2229429 in INSR associated strongly with the absence of IAs in T1D (OR = 0.28, p = 0.008 and OR = 0.30, p = 0.002, respectively). In conclusion, the minor alleles of the investigated INS SNPs protect against T1D, and the minor alleles of the investigated INSR SNPs are associated with poor glycaemic control and the absence of IAs in T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]],"date-time":"2022-06-10T02:25:33Z","timestamp":1654827933000},"page":"6481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influence of Insulin Receptor Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Glycaemic Control and Formation of Anti-Insulin Antibodies in Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Massarenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Aniol-Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Clinical Immunogenicity Analysis, Novo Nordisk A\/S, 2760 M\u00e5l\u00f8v, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Enevold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Toft-Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunogenicity Assay Development, Novo Nordisk A\/S, 2760 M\u00e5l\u00f8v, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7543-9016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus Henrik","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Section for Oral Biology and Immunopathology, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.34172\/hpp.2020.18","article-title":"Prevalence and Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Mobasseri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot. 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