{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:59Z","timestamp":1787028479517,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Medical Centre Ljubljana","award":["20210114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210114"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease. Due to systemic inflammation, it is associated with many comorbidities. Among them, cardiovascular diseases represent the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in this population. Therefore, physicians treating patients with psoriasis should keep in mind that, as important as the treatment of psoriasis, awareness of cardiovascular risk deserves additional attention. Thus, in parallel with psoriasis treatment, a cardiovascular risk assessment must also be performed and addressed accordingly. In addition to encouraging non-pharmacologic strategies for a healthy lifestyle, physicians should be familiar with different pharmacologic options that can target psoriasis and reduce cardiovascular risk. In the present article, we present the pathophysiological mechanisms of the psoriasis and cardiometabolic interplay, our view on the interaction of psoriasis and cardiovascular disease, review the atherosclerotic effect of therapeutic options used in psoriasis, and vice versa, i.e., what the effect of medications used in the prevention of atherosclerosis could be on psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T23:50:14Z","timestamp":1655250614000},"page":"6648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Killing Two Birds with One Stone: Potential Therapies Targeting Psoriasis and Atherosclerosis at the Same Time"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1634-1868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva Klara","family":"Merzel \u0160abovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Gradi\u0161kova Ulica 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1116-2510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateja","family":"Starbek Zorko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenerology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Gradi\u0161kova Ulica 10, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miodrag","family":"Jani\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zalo\u0161ka Cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr425","article-title":"Psoriasis and Atherosclerosis: Two Plaques, One Syndrome?","volume":"33","author":"Flammer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630801908845","article-title":"Psoriasis More than Skin Deep","volume":"19","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wierzbowska-Drabik, K., Lesiak, A., Skibi\u0144ska, M., Nied\u017awied\u017a, M., Kasprzak, J.D., and Narbutt, J. (2021). Psoriasis and Atherosclerosis\u2014Skin, Joints, and Cardiovascular Story of Two Plaques in Relation to the Treatment with Biologics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910402"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, S., and Lan, C.-C.E. (2017). Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Comorbidities: Focusing on Severe Vascular Events, Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Implications for Treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102211"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.06.057","article-title":"Psoriasis: Which Therapy for Which Patient","volume":"80","author":"Kaushik","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.065","article-title":"Psoriasis and Comorbid Diseases","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2017","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01346-6","article-title":"Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Risk: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"37","author":"Masson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3227","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab484","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice","volume":"42","author":"Visseren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boechat, J.L. (2020). Psoriatic March, Skin Inflammation and Cardiovascular Events\u2014Two Plaques for One Syndrome. Int. J. Cardiovasc. Sci., 33.","DOI":"10.36660\/ijcs.20200021"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"205027","article-title":"Stress in Obesity and Associated Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disorders","volume":"2012","author":"Holvoet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientifica (Cairo)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.2011.01308.x","article-title":"A Tale of Two Plaques: Convergent Mechanisms of T-Cell-Mediated Inflammation in Psoriasis and Atherosclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Armstrong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Kagen, M.H., McCormick, T.S., and Cooper, K.D. Regulatory T Cells in Psoriasis. Cytokines as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Springer."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2530","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl222","article-title":"Altered Status of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes","volume":"27","author":"Mor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804595","article-title":"Psoriasis","volume":"361","author":"Nestle","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-009-0143-x","article-title":"Cytokine Network and T Cell Immunity in Atherosclerosis","volume":"31","author":"Taleb","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08780.x","article-title":"Inflammation in Atherosclerosis and Psoriasis: Common Pathogenic Mechanisms and the Potential for an Integrated Treatment Approach","volume":"159","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.114.304108","article-title":"Interleukin 17 Drives Vascular Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Arterial Hypertension in Psoriasis-Like Skin Disease","volume":"34","author":"Karbach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613780","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.613780","article-title":"Overview of OxLDL and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Health: Focus on Atherosclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Poznyak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2313","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz962","article-title":"Low-Density Lipoproteins Cause Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiological, Genetic, and Therapeutic Insights: A Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel","volume":"41","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"e19679","article-title":"Beyond the Skin Plaques: Psoriasis and Its Cardiovascular Comorbidities","volume":"13","author":"Kakarala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711060","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.711060","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Psoriasis: Mechanisms and Future Directions","volume":"12","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.123","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 Interferes with Epidermal Homeostasis through Induction of Insulin Resistance: Implications for Psoriasis Pathogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Buerger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2227","article-title":"Insulin Resistance May Contribute to Upregulation of Adhesion Molecules on Endothelial Cells in Psoriatic Plaques","volume":"96","author":"Diehl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-021-00590-y","article-title":"Psoriasis in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Treatment Challenges","volume":"22","author":"Pannu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"13","article-title":"Serum Visfatin, Adiponectin, and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-\u03b1) Levels in Patients with Psoriasis and Their Correlation with Disease Severity","volume":"24","author":"Sereflican","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22260","article-title":"Serum Levels of Adipokines and Cytokines in Psoriasis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"9","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01705","article-title":"Cloning of Adiponectin Receptors That Mediate Antidiabetic Metabolic Effects","volume":"423","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.04.012","article-title":"Evaluating Psoriasis with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index, Psoriasis Global Assessment, and Lattice System Physician\u2019s Global Assessment","volume":"51","author":"Langley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1621979","article-title":"Adiponectin Levels in a Large Pooled Plaque Psoriasis Study Population","volume":"31","author":"Gerdes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3502","article-title":"Critical Role of the Nitric Oxide\/Reactive Oxygen Species Balance in Endothelial Progenitor Dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Fleissner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2003","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Modifications in Atherosclerosis","volume":"84","author":"Stocker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvs422","article-title":"Interleukin-17 Causes Rho-Kinase-Mediated Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension","volume":"97","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1888","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.563213","article-title":"Reciprocal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"113","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa085","article-title":"Endothelial Function in Cardiovascular Medicine: A Consensus Paper of the European Society of Cardiology Working Groups on Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology, Aorta and Peripheral Vascular Diseases, Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation, and Thrombosis","volume":"117","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"e11173","article-title":"Cardiovascular Involvement in Psoriasis, Diagnosing Subclinical Atherosclerosis, Effects of Biological and Non-Biological Therapy: A Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16229","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics Including Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents with Psoriasis","volume":"34","author":"Blegvad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, A.W., Lin, S.W., Chambers, C.J., Sockolov, M.E., and Chin, D.L. (2011). Psoriasis and Hypertension Severity: Results from a Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018227"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akkara Veetil, B.M., Matteson, E.L., Maradit-Kremers, H., McEvoy, M.T., and Crowson, C.S. (2012). Trends in Lipid Profiles in Patients with Psoriasis: A Population-Based Analysis. BMC Dermatol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-5945-12-20"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159163","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S159163","article-title":"Type 2 Diabetes and Psoriasis: Links and Risks","volume":"9","author":"Holm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psoriasis Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11394","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000011394","article-title":"Association between Physical Activity and Risk of Prevalent Psoriasis","volume":"97","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2012.943","article-title":"The Association Between Physical Activity and the Risk of Incident Psoriasis","volume":"148","author":"Frankel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12670","article-title":"Psoriasis and Smoking: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"170","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanda, N., Hoashi, T., and Saeki, H. (2020). Nutrition and Psoriasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155405"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2021.101689","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease and Depression in Psoriatic Arthritis: Multidimensional Comorbidities Requiring Multidisciplinary Management","volume":"35","author":"So","year":"2021","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.12.001","article-title":"The Link between Depression and Atherosclerosis through the Pathways of Inflammation and Endothelium Dysfunction","volume":"109","author":"Chrysohoou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-010-9616-1","article-title":"Prediction of Future Cardiovascular Outcomes by Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation of Brachial Artery: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Inaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.5.1111","article-title":"Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertensive Patients","volume":"33","author":"Blacher","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00999-9","article-title":"Biomarkers of Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"11","author":"Kaiser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2534","article-title":"Cytokine and Cytokine-Like Inflammation Markers, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Imbalanced Coagulation in Development of Diabetes and Its Complications","volume":"94","author":"Goldberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krahel, J.A., Baran, A., Kami\u0144ski, T.W., Maciaszek, M., and Flisiak, I. (2020). Methotrexate Decreases the Level of PCSK9\u2014A Novel Indicator of the Risk of Proatherogenic Lipid Profile in Psoriasis. The Preliminary Data. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9040910"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809798","article-title":"Low-Dose Methotrexate for the Prevention of Atherosclerotic Events","volume":"380","author":"Ridker","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hjc.2019.04.001","article-title":"Tracing New Atherogenic Properties of PCSK9: Another Insight into the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis \u2018the Minotaur\u2019s Labyrinth\u2019","volume":"60","author":"Rallidis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8635(03)00126-8","article-title":"Retinoid Therapy for Psoriasis","volume":"22","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.11.012","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effect of All-Trans-Retinoic Acid in Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"119","author":"Nozaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1159\/000351769","article-title":"The Effect of Acitretin Treatment on Insulin Resistance, Retinol-Binding Protein-4, Leptin, and Adiponectin in Psoriasis Vulgaris: A Noncontrolled Study","volume":"227","author":"Karadag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800620-JLR200","article-title":"Depot-Specific Effects of the PPAR\u03b3 Agonist Rosiglitazone on Adipose Tissue Glucose Uptake and Metabolism","volume":"50","author":"Festuccia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2010.06.001","article-title":"Cyclosporin A and Atherosclerosis\u2014Cellular Pathways in Atherogenesis","volume":"128","author":"Kockx","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.05.017","article-title":"Cyclosporine and Psoriasis: 2008 National Psoriasis Foundation Consensus Conference","volume":"62","author":"Rosmarin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12768","article-title":"Cardiovascular Outcomes and Systemic Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Patients with Severe Psoriasis: 5-Year Follow-up of a Danish Nationwide Cohort","volume":"29","author":"Ahlehoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2011.01497.x","article-title":"Serum Leptin, Adiponectin, Resistin and Ghrelin Levels in Psoriatic Patients Treated with Cyclosporin","volume":"39","author":"Yuksel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"51490","article-title":"Fumaric Acid Esters in the Management of Psoriasis","volume":"9","author":"Balak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psoriasis: Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2012.02593.x","article-title":"Cardiovascular Disease Event Rates in Patients with Severe Psoriasis Treated with Systemic Anti-Inflammatory Drugs: A Danish Real-World Cohort Study","volume":"273","author":"Ahlehoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-6705.2004.00205.x","article-title":"Biology of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha- Implications for Psoriasis","volume":"13","author":"Schottelius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8560-9","article-title":"The Effect of TNF Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Events in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: An Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.10.2939","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Induces Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Healthy Human Subjects via Inhibition of Akt Substrate 160 Phosphorylation","volume":"54","author":"Plomgaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"674265","article-title":"Anti-TNF-Alpha-Adalimumab Therapy Is Associated with Persistent Improvement of Endothelial Function without Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Wall Thickness in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Refractory to Conventional Therapy","volume":"2012","author":"Testa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.07.679","article-title":"A Phase IV, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study of the Effects of Ustekinumab on Vascular Inflammation in Psoriasis (the VIP-U Trial)","volume":"140","author":"Gelfand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-021-00963-y","article-title":"Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Disease: Novel Mechanisms and Evolving Therapeutics","volume":"23","author":"Weber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14452","article-title":"Th17 Cells Transdifferentiate into Regulatory T Cells during Resolution of Inflammation","volume":"523","author":"Gagliani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s13555-019-00347-w","article-title":"Systemic Treatment of Psoriasis with JAK Inhibitors: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Hansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.09.011","article-title":"An Interleukin-23-Interleukin-22 Axis Regulates Intestinal Microbial Homeostasis to Protect from Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis","volume":"49","author":"Fatkhullina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3844-9","article-title":"Tofacitinib Improves Atherosclerosis despite Up-Regulating Serum Cholesterol in Patients with Active Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Cohort Study","volume":"37","author":"Kume","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.01.001","article-title":"Apremilast Mechanism of Action and Application to Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"83","author":"Schafer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1662","article-title":"Interplay Among Inflammation, Adipokines and Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis. Relationship with Cardiovascular and Metabolic Comorbidities. Modulation By Apremilast [Abstract]","volume":"70","author":"Barbarroja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/ajd.12795","article-title":"Colchicine in Dermatology: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Robinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australas. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.IDOJ_475_20","article-title":"Colchicine in Dermatology: Rediscovering an Old Drug with Novel Uses","volume":"11","author":"Sardana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"381","author":"Tardif","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372","article-title":"Colchicine in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease","volume":"383","author":"Nidorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, F., He, Q., Qin, C.H., Little, P.J., Weng, J., and Xu, S. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Colchicine in Cardiovascular Medicine: A Pharmacological Review. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00835-w"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz009","article-title":"Coronary Artery Plaque Characteristics and Treatment with Biologic Therapy in Severe Psoriasis: Results from a Prospective Observational Study","volume":"115","author":"Elnabawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2012.04450.x","article-title":"Metabolic Abnormalities Associated with Initiation of Systemic Treatment for Psoriasis: Evidence from the Italian Psocare Registry","volume":"27","author":"Gisondi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2019.03.001","article-title":"Should All Patients with Psoriasis Receive Statins? Analysis According to Different Strategies","volume":"94","author":"Masson","year":"2019","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00525-2","article-title":"The Evolving Role of Statins in the Management of Atherosclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Vaughan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90343","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2019.90343","article-title":"The Effect of Statins on Psoriasis Severity: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"16","author":"Socha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.31688\/ABMU.2019.54.1.03","article-title":"Treatment of Endothelial Dysfunction with Rosuvastatin in Patients with Psoriasis","volume":"54","author":"Sarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Balk. Med. Union"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2013.9957","article-title":"Hypertension, Antihypertensive Medication Use, and Risk of Psoriasis","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"S0392","article-title":"Cutaneous Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs","volume":"155","author":"Baccino","year":"2020","journal-title":"G. Ital. Di Dermatol. E Venereol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2000). Effects of an Angiotensin-Converting\u2013Enzyme Inhibitor, Ramipril, on Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients. N. Engl. J. Med., 342, 145\u2013153.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200001203420301"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.501","article-title":"Aspirin for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events","volume":"73","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1855","article-title":"Use of Aspirin, Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, and Acetaminophen (Paracetamol), and Risk of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Cohort Study","volume":"95","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, J.-E., and Choi, M.S. (2020). A Molecular Perspective on the Potential Benefits of Metformin for the Treatment of Inflammatory Skin Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238960"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.3224","article-title":"Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity","volume":"325","author":"Rubino","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30249-9","article-title":"Cardiovascular, Mortality, and Kidney Outcomes with GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials","volume":"7","author":"Kristensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanescu, A.M.A., Simionescu, A.A., Florea, M., and Diaconu, C.C. (2021). Is Metformin a Possible Beneficial Treatment for Psoriasis? A Scoping Review. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11040251"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., and Bhansali, A. (2016). Randomized Placebo Control Study of Insulin Sensitizers (Metformin and Pioglitazone) in Psoriasis Patients with Metabolic Syndrome (Topical Treatment Cohort). BMC Dermatol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12895-016-0049-y"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101102","article-title":"GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes\u2014State-of-the-Art","volume":"46","author":"Nauck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz486","article-title":"2019 ESC Guidelines on Diabetes, Pre-Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases Developed in Collaboration with the EASD","volume":"41","author":"Cosentino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2011.11.004","article-title":"Improvement of Psoriasis during Exenatide Treatment in a Patient with Diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Buysschaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12886","article-title":"Improvement of Psoriasis during Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Analogue Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated with Decreasing Dermal \u0393\u03b4 T-Cell Number: A Prospective Case-Series Study","volume":"171","author":"Buysschaert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-011-0359-9","article-title":"Improvement in Psoriasis after Treatment with the Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide","volume":"51","author":"Faurschou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3132\/dvdr.2006.016","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones and Risk for Atherosclerosis: Pleiotropic Effects of PPAR\u03b3 Agonism","volume":"3","author":"Patle","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.1684","article-title":"Reporting of MABp1 for the Treatment of Psoriasis","volume":"151","author":"Mansouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.06.910","article-title":"Impact of Abdominal Fat Distribution, Visceral Fat, and Subcutaneous Fat on Coronary Plaque Scores Assessed by 320-Row Computed Tomography Coronary Angiography","volume":"287","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000254482","article-title":"Increased Amount of Visceral Fat in Patients with Psoriasis Contributes to Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"220","author":"Balci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4502","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.54498","article-title":"Impact of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors on Atherosclerosis: From Pharmacology to Pre-Clinical and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-009-0024-y","article-title":"The Role of IL-1 in the Pathogenesis of Heart Disease","volume":"57","author":"Bujak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2021-0027","article-title":"Lessons Learned from Large Cardiovascular Outcome Trials Targeting Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease (CANTOS, CIRT, COLCOT and LoDoCo2)","volume":"17","author":"Samuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2004.06.017","article-title":"Methotrexate Reduces Incidence of Vascular Diseases in Veterans with Psoriasis or Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"52","author":"Prodanowich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7965","DOI":"10.4081\/dr.2019.7965","article-title":"Evaluation of the Glycemic Effect of Methotrexate in Psoriatic Arthritis Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study","volume":"11","author":"Dehpouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2013.04.006","article-title":"Th17 Cells and IL-17 A\u2014Focus on Immunopathogenesis and Immunotherapeutics","volume":"43","author":"McInnes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24549","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024549","article-title":"The Effects of IL-17\/IL-17R Inhibitors on Atherosclerosis in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00635","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00635","article-title":"Metformin and Vascular Diseases: A Focused Review on Smooth Muscle Cell Function","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2356","article-title":"Effects of Metformin Therapy on Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients With Prediabetes With Stable Angina and Nonobstructive Coronary Artery Stenosis: The CODYCE Multicenter Prospective Study","volume":"42","author":"Sardu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107845","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107845","article-title":"The Role of Incretins and Incretin-Based Drugs in Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"98","author":"Radbakhsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.4511","article-title":"Association of SGLT2 Inhibitors With Cardiovascular and Kidney Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"6","author":"McGuire","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/12\/6648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:31:36Z","timestamp":1760139096000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/12\/6648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23126648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23126648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]]}}}