{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T00:00:31Z","timestamp":1790899231442,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FGFZ-2022-0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FGFZ-2022-0035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on the development and involution of the immune system is a possible reason for the increased incidence of disorders associated with inappropriate immune function. The thymus is a lymphoid and also an endocrine organ, and, accordingly, its development and functioning may be impaired by endocrine disruptors. The aim was to evaluate age-related thymus involution in mature rats exposed to the endocrine disruptor DDT during prenatal and postnatal ontogeny. Methodology included in vivo experiment on male Wistar rats exposed to low doses of DDT during prenatal and postnatal development and morphological assessment of thymic involution, including the immunohistochemical detection of proliferating thymocytes. The study was carried out at the early stage of involution. Results: DDT-exposed rats exhibited a normal anatomy, and the relative weight of the thymus was within the control ranges. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed increased cellularity of the cortex and the medulla, higher content of lymphoblasts, and more intensive proliferation rate of thymocytes compared to the control. Evaluation of thymic epithelial cells revealed a higher rate of thymic corpuscles formation. Conclusion: The data obtained indicate that endocrine disrupter DDT disturbs postnatal development of the thymus. Low-dose exposure to DDT during ontogeny does not suppress growth rate but violates the developmental program of the thymus by slowing down the onset of age-related involution and maintaining high cell proliferation rate. It may result in excessive formation of thymus-dependent areas in peripheral lymphoid organs and altered immune response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]],"date-time":"2022-06-15T22:17:01Z","timestamp":1655331421000},"page":"6678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Developmental Exposure to Endocrine Disrupter DDT Interferes with Age-Related Involution of Thymus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8239-5039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nataliya V.","family":"Yaglova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0997-6766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey S.","family":"Obernikhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina S.","family":"Tsomartova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin V.","family":"Yaglov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana V.","family":"Nazimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dibakhan A.","family":"Tsomartova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0504-1488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina P.","family":"Timokhina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Endocrine System Development, Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cPetrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery\u201d, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1046-6336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizaveta V.","family":"Chereshneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina Y.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8467-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga V.","family":"Payushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology, Cytology, and Embryology, Federal State Funded Educational Institution of Higher Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.14.1.73","article-title":"Cellular interactions in thymocyte development","volume":"14","author":"Anderson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2018.12.001","article-title":"The role of the thymus in the immune response","volume":"29","author":"Thapa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thorac. Surg. 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