{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T06:19:37Z","timestamp":1788848377599,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endophytic plant-growth-promoting bacteria (ePGPB) are interesting tools for pest management strategies. However, the molecular interactions underlying specific biocontrol effects, particularly against phytopathogenic viruses, remain unexplored. Herein, we investigated the antiviral effects and triggers of induced systemic resistance mediated by four ePGPB (Paraburkholderia fungorum strain R8, Paenibacillus pasadenensis strain R16, Pantoea agglomerans strain 255-7, and Pseudomonas syringae strain 260-02) against four viruses (Cymbidium Ring Spot Virus\u2014CymRSV; Cucumber Mosaic Virus\u2014CMV; Potato Virus X\u2014PVX; and Potato Virus Y\u2014PVY) on Nicotiana benthamiana plants under controlled conditions and compared them with a chitosan-based resistance inducer product. Our studies indicated that ePGPB- and chitosan-treated plants presented well-defined biocontrol efficacy against CymRSV and CMV, unlike PVX and PVY. They exhibited significant reductions in symptom severity while promoting plant height compared to nontreated, virus-infected controls. However, these phenotypic traits showed no association with relative virus quantification. Moreover, the tested defense-related genes (Enhanced Disease Susceptibility-1 (EDS1), Non-expressor of Pathogenesis-related genes-1 (NPR1), and Pathogenesis-related protein-2B (PR2B)) implied the involvement of a salicylic-acid-related defense pathway triggered by EDS1 gene upregulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23136990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]],"date-time":"2022-06-23T21:25:00Z","timestamp":1656019500000},"page":"6990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biocontrol Potential of Endophytic Plant-Growth-Promoting Bacteria against Phytopathogenic Viruses: Molecular Interaction with the Host Plant and Comparison with Chitosan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1574-2969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gul-i-Rayna","family":"Shahzad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroecology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Passera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroecology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giusva","family":"Maldera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroecology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6152-8712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Casati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroecology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5063-1236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iriti","family":"Marcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroecology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-1923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piero Attilio","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroecology, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic Impact of Pome and Stone Fruit Viruses and Viroids","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Hadidi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virus and Virus Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(10)76006-1","article-title":"Cross-Protection: A Century of Mystery","volume":"76","author":"Ziebell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"134","article-title":"Plant-Virus Interactions: Defence and Counter-Defence","volume":"34","author":"Lewsey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Plant Dis. Resist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/plants8120575","article-title":"Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to RNA Viruses Induced by Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"King, A.M.Q., Lefkowitz, E., Adams, M.J., and Carstens, E.B. (2011). Virus Taxonomy: Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Souiri, A., Khataby, K., Kasmi, Y., Zemzami, M., Amzazi, S., and Ennaji, M.M. (2020). Emerging and Reemerging Viral Diseases of Solanaceous Crops and Management Strategies for Detection and Eradication. Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819400-3.00038-7"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1239","article-title":"Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Viruses","volume":"3","author":"Soosaar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.09.007","article-title":"Common Origins and Host-Dependent Diversity of Plant and Animal Viromes","volume":"1","author":"Dolja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12046","article-title":"Bacilliform DNA-containing Plant Viruses in the Tropics: Commonalities within a Genetically Diverse Group","volume":"14","author":"Borah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sastry, K.S., and Zitter, T.A. (2014). Management of Virus and Viroid Diseases of Crops in the Tropics. Plant Virus and Viroid Diseases in the Tropics, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7820-7"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4478","article-title":"Effects of Foliar and Systemic Insecticides on Whitefly Transmission and Incidence of Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus","volume":"73","author":"Castle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/toy333","article-title":"Comparing Host Plant Resistance, Repellent Mulches, and at-Plant Insecticides for Management of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus","volume":"112","author":"Smith","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Econ. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcu205","article-title":"Sustainable Intensification in Agricultural Systems","volume":"114","author":"Pretty","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2016.07.003","article-title":"Advances and Prospects in Biogenic Substances against Plant Virus: A Review","volume":"135","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02135.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptaibols Induce Defense Responses and Systemic Resistance in Tobacco against Tobacco mosaic virus","volume":"313","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laimer, M., and Barba, M. (2011). Elimination of Systemic Pathogens by Thermotherapy, Tissue Culture, or in Vitro Micrografting. Virus and Virus-Like Diseases of Pome and Stone Fruits, APS.","DOI":"10.1094\/9780890545010.065"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2011.04.001","article-title":"Potato Viruses in China","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellich, B., D\u2019Agostino, I., Semeraro, S., Gamini, A., and Ces\u00e0ro, A. (2016). \u201cThe Good, the Bad and the Ugly\u201d of Chitosans. Mar. Drugs, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/md14050099"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.03.119","article-title":"Environmental Applications of Chitosan and Cellulosic Biopolymers: A Comprehensive Outlook","volume":"242","author":"Kanmani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2008.08.002","article-title":"Abscisic Acid Is Involved in Chitosan-Induced Resistance to Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV)","volume":"46","author":"Iriti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2010.04.049","article-title":"Inhibition Effect on Tobacco mosaic virus and Regulation Effect on Calreticulin of Oligochitosan in Tobacco by Induced Ca2+ Influx","volume":"82","author":"Lu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"347","article-title":"Biocontrol of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) in Tomato with Chitosan Supplemented Formulations of Pseudomonas sp. under Field Conditions","volume":"8","author":"Mishra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. J. Crop Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Firmansyah, D. (2017). Use of Chitosan and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria to Control Squash mosaic virus on Cucumber Plants. [Undergraduate Thesis, Bogor Agricultural University].","DOI":"10.3923\/ajppaj.2017.148.155"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3571-7","article-title":"Chitosan-Induced Antiviral Activity and Innate Immunity in Plants","volume":"22","author":"Iriti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963401","DOI":"10.6064\/2012\/963401","article-title":"Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications","volume":"2012","author":"Glick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scientifica"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630005191","article-title":"Screening of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Leaves of Sambung Nyawa [Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.] for Cytokinin-like Compounds","volume":"5","author":"Bhore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1007\/s10886-012-0133-7","article-title":"Microbes as Targets and Mediators of Allelopathy in Plants","volume":"38","author":"Cipollini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chem. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.01.1254","article-title":"Screening of Endophytic Bacteria from Organic Rice Tissue for Indole Acetic Acid Production","volume":"32","author":"Phetcharat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2011.09.011","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of New Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Endophytes","volume":"61","author":"Rashid","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261717010155","article-title":"Plant Growth Promoting Potential of Bacterial Endophytes in Novel Association with Olea ferruginea and Withania coagulans","volume":"86","author":"Ullah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1094\/PD-80-0891","article-title":"Induced Systemic Resistance in Cucumber and Tomato against Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus Using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)","volume":"80","author":"Raupach","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009923702103","article-title":"Induction of Resistance in Tomato against Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus by Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria","volume":"45","author":"Zehnder","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biocontrol"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2003.93.10.1301","article-title":"Rhizobacteria-Mediated Growth Promotion of Tomato Leads to Protection against Cucumber mosaic virus","volume":"93","author":"Murphy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1080\/09583150500088546","article-title":"Use of Pseudomonas fluorescens-Based Formulations for Management of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and Enhanced Yield in Tomato","volume":"15","author":"Kandan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biocontrol. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2006.11.020","article-title":"Rhizosphere and Endophytic Bacteria for Induction of Systemic Resistance of Banana Plantlets against Bunchy Top Virus","volume":"39","author":"Kavino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.0901.008","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Plant Growth Promotion and Induced Systemic Resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus by Bacillus spp.","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6300","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR12.1123","article-title":"Inactivation of Tobacco mosaic virus in Soil by Pseudomonas putida A3-m Strain to Prevent Virus Mosaic Disease","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S., Chauhan, P.S., Agrawal, L., Raj, R., Srivastava, A., Gupta, S., Mishra, S.K., Yadav, S., Singh, P.C., and Raj, S.K. (2016). Paenibacillus lentimorbus Inoculation Enhances Tobacco Growth and Extenuates the Virulence of Cucumber mosaic virus. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149980"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28677-3","article-title":"Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Strain MBI600 Induces Salicylic Acid Dependent Resistance in Tomato Plants against Tomato spotted wilt virus and Potato virus Y","volume":"8","author":"Beris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"6219","article-title":"Induced Antiviral resistance induction and growth promotion by the rhizobacterium Pantoea agglomerans","volume":"8","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Glob. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-082712-102340","article-title":"Induced Systemic Resistance by Beneficial Microbes","volume":"52","author":"Pieterse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12204","article-title":"Roles of Plant Hormones in the Regulation of Host\u2013Virus Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Alazem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3906\/biy-1502-12","article-title":"Control of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease by Enterobacter asburiae BQ9 as a Result of Priming Plant Resistance in Tomatoes","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk. J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2017.02.001","article-title":"Competition Assays Revealed Paenibacillus pasadenensis Strain R16 as a Novel Antifungal Agent","volume":"198","author":"Passera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138127","article-title":"Towards Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: An Evaluation of Biocontrol Effects, Nutritional Value, and Ecological Impact of Bacterial Inoculants","volume":"724","author":"Passera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01409","article-title":"Not Just a Pathogen? Description of a Plant-Beneficial Pseudomonas syringae Strain","volume":"10","author":"Passera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-7348.1977.tb01797.x","article-title":"Pathology, Soil Transmission and Characterization of Cymbidium Ringspot, a Virus from Cymbidium Orchids and White Clover (Trifolium repens)","volume":"85","author":"Hollings","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"439","article-title":"Index of Plants Susceptible to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Bibliographical Study","volume":"11","author":"Douine","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ann. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., and Dallwitz, A.J. (1996). Anal\u00edtico: Viruses of Plants; Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, CAB INTERNATIONAL.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851987941.0000"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/01140671.2006.9514403","article-title":"Identification of Cucumber mosaic virus in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Growing Areas in the North-west Mediterranean Region of Turkey","volume":"34","author":"Yardimci","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Edwardson, J.R., and Christie, R.G. (1991). Cucumoviruses. CRC Handbook of Viruses Infecting Legumes, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"CABI Knowledge Bank (2020, October 28). Potato virus X. Available online: https:\/\/www.plantwise.org\/knowledgebank\/datasheet\/43759."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miozzi, L., Vaira, A.M., Brilli, F., Casarin, V., Berti, M., Ferrandino, A., Nerva, L., Accotto, G.P., and Lanfranco, L. (2020). Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Primes Tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Tomato. Viruses, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/v12060675"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)62005-1","article-title":"Cucumoviruses","volume":"62","author":"Palukaitis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2020, October 28). Ephytia Inrea Potato\u2014Potato virus X (PVX). Available online: http:\/\/ephytia.inra.fr\/en\/C\/21025\/Potato-Potato-virus-X-PVX."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12483","article-title":"Exploitation of Endophytes for Sustainable Agricultural Intensification","volume":"18","author":"Gurr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012508625017","article-title":"Effect of Chitosan on Systemic Viral Infection and Some Defense Responses in Potato Plants","volume":"48","author":"Chirkov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Russ. J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2019.01.003","article-title":"Chitosan-Elicited Defense Responses in Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)-Infected Tomato Plants","volume":"234","author":"Rendina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Shi, L., Han, C., Yu, J., Li, D., and Zhang, Y. (2012). Validation of Reference Genes for Gene Expression Studies in Virus-Infected Nicotiana benthamiana Using Quantitative Real-Time PCR. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046451"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakasugi, K., Crowhurst, R.N., Bally, J., Wood, C.C., Hellens, R.P., and Waterhouse, P.M. (2013). De Novo Transcriptome Sequence Assembly and Analysis of RNA Silencing Genes of Nicotiana benthamiana. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059534"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15165","DOI":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.165","article-title":"The Extremophile Nicotiana benthamiana Has Traded Viral Defence for Early Vigour","volume":"1","author":"Bally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2019.01.015","article-title":"Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens Ba13 Induces Plant Systemic Resistance and Improves Rhizosphere Microecology against Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus Disease","volume":"137","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Soil Ecol."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Thakur, A. (2017). Evaluation of Biological Control Strategies against a Range of Plant Pathogens. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Agricultural University of Athens]."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080614-120132","article-title":"Priming for Enhanced Defense","volume":"53","author":"Conrath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.009","article-title":"Recognizing Plant Defense Priming","volume":"21","author":"Flors","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3040.2011.02417.x","article-title":"Silencing of G Proteins Uncovers Diversified Plant Responses When Challenged by Three Elicitors in Nicotiana benthamiana","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Cell Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.05.010","article-title":"Plant Immunity: The EDS1 Regulatory Node","volume":"8","author":"Wiermer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.009159","article-title":"NPR1 Modulates Cross-Talk between Salicylate-and Jasmonate-Dependent Defense Pathways through a Novel Function in the Cytosol","volume":"15","author":"Spoel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.44.070505.143425","article-title":"Significance of Inducible Defense-Related Proteins in Infected Plants","volume":"44","author":"Rep","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.phyto.050908.135202","article-title":"Salicylic Acid, a Multifaceted Hormone to Combat Disease","volume":"47","author":"Vlot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013206517442","article-title":"The Antiviral Activity of Chitosan","volume":"38","author":"Chirkov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"163","article-title":"Enhancement of PR1 and PR5 Gene Expressions by Chitosan Treatment in Kiwifruit Plants Inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv","volume":"148","author":"Beatrice","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actinidiae. Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5018","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00051-11","article-title":"Restructuring of Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Grapevine Yellows-Diseased and Recovered Vitis vinifera L. Plants","volume":"77","author":"Bulgari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-012-9766-3","article-title":"Endophytic Bacterial Community Living in Roots of Healthy and \u2018Candidatus Phytoplasma mali\u2019-Infected Apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) Trees","volume":"102","author":"Bulgari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.01520","article-title":"Trichoderma Harzianum T-22 Induces Systemic Resistance in Tomato Infected by Cucumber mosaic virus","volume":"7","author":"Vitti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"340","article-title":"Methods for Estimating Losses Caused by Diseases in Fungicide Experiments","volume":"27","author":"Townsend","year":"1943","journal-title":"Plant Dis. Report."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.1078","article-title":"A Rapid and Effective Method for RNA Extraction from Different Tissues of Grapevine and Other Woody Plants","volume":"19","author":"Gambino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212 \u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126665","article-title":"Characterization of Lysinibacillus fusiformis Strain S4C11: In Vitro, in Planta, and in Silico Analyses Reveal a Plant-Beneficial Microbe","volume":"244","author":"Passera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7270.2006.00216.x","article-title":"Quantitative Determination of Cucumber mosaic virus Genome RNAs in Virions by Real-Time Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"38","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.2006.22.4.360","article-title":"Bacillus Vallismortis Strain EXTN-1 Mediated Systemic Resistance against Potato virus Y and X in the Field","volume":"22","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s12230-013-9350-z","article-title":"A Reexamination of the Effectiveness of Ribavirin on Eradication of Viruses in Potato Plantlets in Vitro Using ELISA and Quantitative RT-PCR","volume":"91","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Potato Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/13\/6990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:38:45Z","timestamp":1760139525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/13\/6990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23136990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23136990","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,23]]}}}