{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T01:25:35Z","timestamp":1789521935898,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) titanium composite (PTC) is a novel interbody fusion device that combines a PEEK core with titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) endplates. The present study aimed to investigate the in vitro biological reactivity of human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs) to micro- and nanotopographies produced by an acid-etching process on the surface of 3D-printed PTC endplates. Optical profilometer and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the surface roughness and identify the nano-features of etched or unetched PTC endplates, respectively. The viability, morphology and the expression of specific osteogenic markers were examined after 7 days of culture in the seeded cells. Haralick texture analysis was carried out on the unseeded endplates to correlate surface texture features to the biological data. The acid-etching process modified the surface roughness of the 3D-printed PTC endplates, creating micro- and nano-scale structures that significantly contributed to sustaining the viability of hBM-MSCs and triggering the expression of early osteogenic markers, such as alkaline phosphatase activity and bone-ECM protein production. Finally, the topography of 3D-printed PTC endplates influenced Haralick\u2019s features, which in turn correlated with the expression of two osteogenic markers, osteopontin and osteocalcin. Overall, these data demonstrate that the acid-etching process of PTC endplates created a favourable environment for osteogenic differentiation of hBM-MSCs and may potentially have clinical benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,26]],"date-time":"2022-06-26T09:00:13Z","timestamp":1656234013000},"page":"7070","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Early Osteogenic Marker Expression in hMSCs Cultured onto Acid Etching-Derived Micro- and Nanotopography 3D-Printed Titanium Surfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6000-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora","family":"Bloise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5268-3443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Waldorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Product Development, Orthofix Medical, Inc., 3451 Plano Parkway, Lewisville, TX 75056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5158-4358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Montagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1958-2998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C.S.G.I.-Department of Chemistry, Section of Physical Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5587-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Fassina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for Health Technologies (CHT), University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6748-1062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Product Development, Orthofix Medical, Inc., 3451 Plano Parkway, Lewisville, TX 75056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nianli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Product Development, Orthofix Medical, Inc., 3451 Plano Parkway, Lewisville, TX 75056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0636-3959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiechao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4433-7214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Ryaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Product Development, Orthofix Medical, Inc., 3451 Plano Parkway, Lewisville, TX 75056, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1181-3632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Visai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), Center for Health Technologies (CHT), UdR INSTM, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.N.01141","article-title":"Prevalence of Total Hip and Knee Replacement in the United States","volume":"97","author":"Larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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