{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:18:24Z","timestamp":1792804704278,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":182,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica Saverio e Isabella Cianciola, Italy","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005w6dd37","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is a chronic disease caused by an excess of adipose tissue that may impair health by altering the functionality of various organs, including the lungs. Excessive deposition of fat in the abdominal area can lead to abnormal positioning of the diaphragm and consequent reduction in lung volume, leading to a heightened demand for ventilation and increased exposure to respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and obstructive sleep apnoea. In addition to mechanical ventilatory constraints, excess fat and ectopic deposition in visceral depots can lead to adipose tissue dysfunction, which promotes metabolic disorders. An altered adipokine-secretion profile from dysfunctional adipose tissue in morbid obesity fosters systemic, low-grade inflammation, impairing pulmonary immune response and promoting airway hyperresponsiveness. A potential target of these adipokines could be the NLRP3 inflammasome, a critical component of the innate immune system, the harmful pro-inflammatory effect of which affects both adipose and lung tissue in obesity. In this review, we will investigate the crosstalk between adipose tissue and the lung in obesity, highlighting the main inflammatory mediators and novel therapeutic targets in preventing pulmonary dysfunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T22:50:46Z","timestamp":1656888646000},"page":"7349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Pulmonary Dysfunction in Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Palma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9489-1534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gian Pio","family":"Sorice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8188-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina Annamaria","family":"Genchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiorella","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Caccioppoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella","family":"D\u2019Oria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6587-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Marrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Biondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Giorgino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2728-7721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastio","family":"Perrini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Andrology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1506331","article-title":"The effect of obesity on lung function","volume":"12","author":"Dixon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1159\/000509735","article-title":"Obesity and the Lung: What We Know Today","volume":"99","author":"Brock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(16)00054-0","article-title":"Prevention and care of respiratory failure in obese patients","volume":"4","author":"Timsit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01602-8","article-title":"Postprandial glucose and HbA1c are associated with severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in non-diabetic obese subjects","volume":"44","author":"Cignarelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94379","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.94379","article-title":"Correction of intermittent hypoxia reduces inflammation in obese subjects with obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"2","author":"Perrini","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"18","article-title":"Oxidative stress and obesity-related asthma","volume":"37","author":"Grasemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paediatr. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrotta, F., Nigro, E., Mollica, M., Costigliola, A., D\u2019Agnano, V., Daniele, A., Bianco, A., and Guerra, G. (2019). Pulmonary Hypertension and Obesity: Focus on Adiponectin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040912"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.02.013","article-title":"Pathobiological mechanisms underlying metabolic syndrome (MetS) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Clinical significance and therapeutic strategies","volume":"198","author":"Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1685179","article-title":"Pathophysiology and Management of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Obese Patients","volume":"40","author":"Umbrello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.08.001","article-title":"Impact of Obesity in Critical Illness","volume":"160","author":"Anderson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hornung, F., Rogal, J., Loskill, P., L\u00f6ffler, B., and Deinhardt-Emmer, S. (2021). The Inflammatory Profile of Obesity and the Role on Pulmonary Bacterial and Viral Infections. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073456"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2021.03.031","article-title":"Obesity as an adipose tissue dysfunction disease and a risk factor for infections\u2014Covid-19 as a case study","volume":"91","author":"Landecho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"504","article-title":"Obesity and Obesity-Induced Inflammatory Disease Contribute to Atherosclerosis: A Review of the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Obesity","volume":"11","author":"Henning","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinre.2021.101807","article-title":"Adipose tissue dysfunction and MAFLD in obesity on the scene of COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Hepatol. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13175","article-title":"The relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and obesity: A new perspective on the pathogenesis in terms of organ crosstalk","volume":"14","author":"Kuvat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.07.075","article-title":"The Thousand Faces of Leptin in the Lung","volume":"159","author":"Jutant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0573OC","article-title":"Obesity and Asthma","volume":"186","author":"Sideleva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173498","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/173498","article-title":"Metabolic Phenotype and Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"2010","author":"Skyba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Oliveira, P.D., Wehrmeister, F.C., Horta, B.L., P\u00e9rez-Padilla, R., de Fran\u00e7a, G.V.A., Gigante, D.P., Barros, F.C., Ong, K.K., de Lucia Rolfe, E., and Menezes, A.M.B. (2017). Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Adiposity and Pulmonary Function in 30-Year-Old Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Nested in a Birth Cohort. BMC Pulm. Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-017-0510-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjms.2018.11.015","article-title":"High Visceral Adipose Tissue to Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Ratio as a Predictor of Mortality in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"357","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400368","article-title":"Critical Role for the NLRP3 Inflammasome during Acute Lung Injury","volume":"192","author":"Grailer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00564-2015","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid lung","volume":"47","author":"Lasithiotaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3590","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1200860","article-title":"Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alveolar Macrophages Contributes to Mechanical Stretch-Induced Lung Inflammation and Injury","volume":"190","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0296-z","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome blockade reduces adipose tissue inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling","volume":"18","author":"Unamuno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003154","article-title":"Ventilatory Mechanics in the Patient with Obesity","volume":"132","author":"Grassi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2009.117572","article-title":"Body mass index is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"65","author":"Gong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1661","article-title":"Overweight and Obesity Are Associated With Acute Kidney Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, but Not With Increased Mortality in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"12","author":"Oussaada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0248","article-title":"White Adipose Tissue, Inert No More!","volume":"146","author":"McGillis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9770","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2017.7797","article-title":"Leptin promotes IL-18 secretion by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW 264.7 cells","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"233","article-title":"The Relationship between Circulating Levels of IL-18 and Leptin, HsCRP, Blood Pressure and Cardiorespiratory Function in Obese and Lean Men","volume":"20","author":"Moradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hormozgan Med. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tazawa, R., Uchida, K., Fujimaki, H., Miyagi, M., Inoue, G., Sekiguchi, H., Murata, K., Takata, K., Kawakubo, A., and Takaso, M. (2019). Elevated leptin levels induce inflammation through IL-6 in skeletal muscle of aged female rats. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2581-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.718929","article-title":"Adiponectin Inhibits the Production of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and Chemokines by Human Lung Macrophages","volume":"12","author":"Salvator","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.645400","article-title":"FGF10 and Lipofibroblasts in Lung Homeostasis and Disease: Insights Gained from the Adipocytes","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01446-8","article-title":"Dysmetabolic adipose tissue in obesity: Morphological and functional characteristics of adipose stem cells and mature adipocytes in healthy and unhealthy obese subjects","volume":"44","author":"Porro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-019-0436-7","article-title":"Reduced SIRT1 and SIRT2 expression promotes adipogenesis of human visceral adipose stem cells and associates with accumulation of visceral fat in human obesity","volume":"44","author":"Perrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"601","article-title":"Saturation of subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and accumulation of ectopic fat associated with metabolic dysfunction during late and post-pubertal growth","volume":"40","author":"Alderete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.077602","article-title":"Ectopic Fat Depots and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"124","author":"Britton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cignarelli, A., Genchi, V.A., Perrini, S., Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., and Giorgino, F. (2019). Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Adipose Tissue Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20030759"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-1-12","article-title":"Role of a critical visceral adipose tissue threshold (CVATT) in metabolic syndrome: Implications for controlling dietary carbohydrates: A review","volume":"1","author":"Freedland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.10.003","article-title":"Association of lung function measurements and visceral fat in men with metabolic syndrome","volume":"108","author":"Thijs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900857","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00857-2019","article-title":"Fatty airways: Implications for obstructive disease","volume":"54","author":"Elliot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154319","article-title":"Visceral fat shows the strongest association with the need of intensive care in patients with COVID-19","volume":"111","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-019-00130-8","article-title":"Decreased adipocyte glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and aquaglyceroporin-7 (AQP7) in adults with morbid obesity: Possible early markers of metabolic dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"Mourelatou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000183883.72263.13","article-title":"A Paracrine Loop Between Adipocytes and Macrophages Aggravates Inflammatory Changes: Role of free fatty acids and tumor necrosis factor \u03b1","volume":"25","author":"Suganami","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25445","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M701549200","article-title":"Role of MAPK Phosphatase-1 in the Induction of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 during the Course of Adipocyte Hypertrophy","volume":"282","author":"Ito","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perrini, S., Ficarella, R., Picardi, E., Cignarelli, A., Barbaro, M., Nigro, P., Peschechera, A., Palumbo, O., Carella, M., and De Fazio, M. (2013). Differences in Gene Expression and Cytokine Release Profiles Highlight the Heterogeneity of Distinct Subsets of Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells in the Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Humans. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057892"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"490650","article-title":"Different Adipose Depots: Their Role in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome and Mitochondrial Response to Hypolipidemic Agents","volume":"2011","author":"Burri","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarr, O., Strohm, R.J., Macdonald, T.L., Gaudio, N., Reed, J.K., Foute-Nelong, J., Dyck, D.J., and Mutch, D. (2017). Subcutaneous and Visceral Adipose Tissue Secretions from Extremely Obese Men and Women both Acutely Suppress Muscle Insulin Signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18050959"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14740","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000014740","article-title":"Relationship between inflammatory markers and visceral obesity in obese and overweight Korean adults","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01599-3","article-title":"Visceral adiposity index is associated with lung function impairment: A population-based study","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970145","article-title":"Depot-Specific Differences and Insufficient Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Angiogenesis in Human Obesity","volume":"123","author":"Gealekman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190006","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0006-2019","article-title":"Adipose tissue as a key player in obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"28","author":"Ryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21654","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress in Obesity-Recent Findings and Empirical Approaches","volume":"24","author":"McMurray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"5732956","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Disease: From Physiological Response to Injury Factor","volume":"2020","author":"Schipani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","article-title":"Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases","volume":"100","author":"Incalza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2639-5","article-title":"The ratio of visceral to subcutaneous fat, a metric of body fat distribution, is a unique correlate of cardiometabolic risk","volume":"55","author":"Kaess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.208","article-title":"Differences in body composition between metabolically healthy obese and metabolically abnormal obese adults","volume":"38","author":"Camhi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.Y., Yang, H.K., Song, H.J., Chang, H.J., Kang, J.Y., Lee, S.H., Han, S., and Kim, Y.K. (2019). Metabolic health is more closely associated with decrease in lung function than obesity. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209575"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676150","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.676150","article-title":"Potential Impact of Diabetes and Obesity on Alveolar Type 2 (AT2)-Lipofibroblast (LIF) Interactions After COVID-19 Infection","volume":"9","author":"Taghizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2025373118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025373118","article-title":"Functional and Genetic Analysis of Viral Receptor ACE2 Orthologs Reveals a Broad Potential Host Range of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00551","article-title":"Effects of CPAP on Testosterone Levels in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"10","author":"Cignarelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201201-0034OC","article-title":"Comorbidities and Risk of Mortality in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"186","author":"Divo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201701-0218PP","article-title":"Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2017 Report. GOLD Executive Summary","volume":"195","author":"Vogelmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12506","article-title":"Mechanisms of airway hyper-responsiveness in asthma: The past, present and yet to come","volume":"45","author":"Chapman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.004","article-title":"Obesity and asthma","volume":"141","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210089","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0089-2021","article-title":"Defining obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breathe"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180097","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0097-2018","article-title":"Obesity hypoventilation syndrome","volume":"28","author":"Masa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802078","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/802078","article-title":"The Role of Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Obesity-Related Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"2010","author":"Balistreri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos-Ram\u00edrez, P., Malmh\u00e4ll, C., Johansson, K., Adner, M., L\u00f6tvall, J., and Bossios, A. (2020). Lung Regulatory T Cells Express Adiponectin Receptor 1: Modulation by Obesity and Airway Allergic Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238990"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4103\/ijabmr.IJABMR_65_17","article-title":"Association of Adiponectin with Lung Function Impairment and Disease Severity in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"8","author":"Jaswal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Basic Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-176","article-title":"Serum adiponectin is positively associated with lung function in young adults, independent of obesity: The CARDIA study","volume":"11","author":"Thyagarajan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201408-351OC","article-title":"Lower Leptin\/Adiponectin Ratio and Risk of Rapid Lung Function Decline in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"11","author":"Suzuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00120408","article-title":"Leptin receptor polymorphisms and lung function decline in COPD","volume":"34","author":"Hansel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.58.8.695","article-title":"Impaired lung function and serum leptin in men and women with normal body weight: A population based study","volume":"58","author":"Sin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119834","article-title":"Direct effects of leptin on brown and white adipose tissue","volume":"100","author":"Pauli","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Genchi, V., D\u2019Oria, R., Palma, G., Caccioppoli, C., Cignarelli, A., Natalicchio, A., Laviola, L., Giorgino, F., and Perrini, S. (2021). Impaired Leptin Signalling in Obesity: Is Leptin a New Thermolipokine?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126445"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2002.282.3.L405","article-title":"Leptin mediates the parathyroid hormone-related protein paracrine stimulation of fetal lung maturation","volume":"282","author":"Torday","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1195-1155","article-title":"Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects","volume":"1","author":"Maffei","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00354","article-title":"Role of Leptin in Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"11","author":"Poetsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-019-02074-8","article-title":"Leptin: A marker of renal injury","volume":"14","author":"Perrini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.1.75","article-title":"Association of serum leptin with hypoventilation in human obesity","volume":"57","author":"Phipps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4823","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030214","article-title":"Serum Adiponectin Levels Are Inversely Associated with Overall and Central Fat Distribution but Are Not Directly Regulated by Acute Fasting or Leptin Administration in Humans: Cross-Sectional and Interventional Studies","volume":"88","author":"Gavrila","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.182.1.684","article-title":"Adiponectin and Functional Adiponectin Receptor 1 Are Expressed by Airway Epithelial Cells in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"182","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1159\/000481732","article-title":"Adiponectin and Its Receptors Are Differentially Expressed in Human Tissues and Cell Lines of Distinct Origin","volume":"10","author":"Quandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Achari, A.E., and Jain, S.K. (2017). Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M400373-JLR200","article-title":"Adiponectin promotes adipocyte differentiation, insulin sensitivity, and lipid accumulation","volume":"46","author":"Fu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fr\u00fchbeck, G., Catal\u00e1n, V., Rodr\u00edguez, A., Ram\u00edrez, B., Becerril, S., Salvador, J., Colina, I., and G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi, J. (2019). Adiponectin-leptin Ratio is a Functional Biomarker of Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020454"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06997-0","article-title":"Involvement of the leptin-adiponectin axis in inflammation and oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Becerril","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154440","article-title":"Visceral fat is associated to the severity of COVID-19","volume":"115","author":"Favre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01071-w","article-title":"Visceral fat inflammation and fat embolism are associated with lung\u2019s lipidic hyaline membranes in subjects with COVID-19","volume":"46","author":"Colleluori","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2021.101268","article-title":"Adiponectin to leptin ratio reflects inflammatory burden and survival in COVID-19","volume":"47","author":"Sciorati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2015.03.011","article-title":"Leptin hormone in obese and non-obese stable and exacerbated cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"64","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chest Dis. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcdt.2014.02.006","article-title":"Adiponectin as inflammatory biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"63","author":"Oraby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Chest Dis. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"P1950","article-title":"The Potential Mechanism of Th17\/Treg Imbalance in the Microenvironments of Chronic Inflammation and Allergic Asthma","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Adiponectin\/AdipoR1 Axis Promotes IL-10 Release by Human Regulatory T Cells","volume":"12","author":"Tliba","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15625","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1906303116","article-title":"An immunometabolic pathomechanism for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"116","author":"Bruzzaniti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22043","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.743187","article-title":"Leptin Enhances TH2 and ILC2 Responses in Allergic Airway Disease","volume":"291","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"PA3345","article-title":"IL-5\/IL-13 Drive NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated, Steroid-Resistant AHR in a Model of Obesity-Associated Asthma","volume":"54","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wani, K., Alharthi, H., Alghamdi, A., Sabico, S., and Al-Daghri, N.M. (2021). Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Obesity-Mediated Metabolic Disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020511"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570251","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.570251","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome: The Stormy Link Between Obesity and COVID-19","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3423","article-title":"Interleukin-17\u2013producing innate lymphoid cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome facilitate obesity-associated airway hyperreactivity","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2022","article-title":"Fatty acid\u2013induced NLRP3-ASC inflammasome activation interferes with insulin signaling","volume":"12","author":"Wen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camell, C., Goldberg, E., and Dixit, V.D. (2015). Regulation of Nlrp3 inflammasome by dietary metabolites. Seminars in Immunology, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2015.10.004"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17951","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.010545","article-title":"NLRP3 negatively regulates Treg differentiation through Kpna2-mediated nuclear translocation","volume":"294","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4664","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25015-6","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-018-0780-0","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome Involves in the Acute Exacerbation of Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00105013","article-title":"Elevated expression of the NLRP3 inflammasome in neutrophilic asthma","volume":"43","author":"Simpson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2279","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Vandanmagsar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13617","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901123R","article-title":"Adiponectin deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction and promotes endothelial activation and pulmonary vascular injury","volume":"33","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2021.9897","article-title":"Regulatory effect of mitoQ on the mtROS-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in leptin-pretreated BEAS-2 cells","volume":"21","author":"Chong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaudhuri, R., Thompson, M.A., Pabelick, C., Agrawal, A., and Prakash, Y. (2018). Obesity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and obstructive lung disease. Mechanisms and Manifestations of Obesity in Lung Disease, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813553-2.00007-5"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09663","article-title":"A role for mitochondria in NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"469","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.009","article-title":"Oxidized Mitochondrial DNA Activates the NLRP3 Inflammasome during Apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1159\/000512920","article-title":"Obesity Can Contribute to Severe Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in Children through Leptin and Interleukin-1\u03b2","volume":"182","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.170","article-title":"Increased adipose tissue expression of IL-18R and its ligand IL-18 associates with inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity","volume":"5","author":"Ahmad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2009.01.011","article-title":"Interleukin-18 in induced sputum: Association with lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"103","author":"Rovina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2014.11.010","article-title":"Body mass index correlates with pollutant-induced interleukin-1\u03b2 in sputum and blood","volume":"114","author":"Todoric","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1706","article-title":"Resveratrol Attenuates Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Macrophage Migration to Visceral White Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance in Male Mice","volume":"156","author":"Carreras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759.1","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.30.1_supplement.759.1","article-title":"Acute Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia on Leptin-Mediated Increases in Adiponectin Expression","volume":"30","author":"Becari","year":"2016","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13202","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13202","article-title":"Mechanisms of intermittent hypoxia-mediated macrophage activation\u2014Potential therapeutic targets for obstructive sleep apnoea","volume":"30","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.696418","article-title":"The Association Between Serum\/Plasma Leptin Levels and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202106-1445OC","article-title":"Inflammasome Activation: A Keystone of Proinflammatory Response in Obstructive Sleep Apnea","volume":"205","author":"Alfaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628168","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.628168","article-title":"NLRP3 Deficiency Protects Against Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial ROS by Promoting the PINK1-Parkin Pathway of Mitophagy in a Murine Model of Sleep Apnea","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.092205","article-title":"Gene expression of IL17 and IL23 in the lungs of patients with active tuberculosis","volume":"63","author":"Dheda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmx030","article-title":"Elevated serum interleukin-5 levels in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"49","author":"Perret","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2001.01602.x","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, IL-18 and IL-12) and Th cytokines (IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13) in patients with allergic asthma","volume":"125","author":"Wong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01724","article-title":"Contribution of IL-17 in Steroid Hyporesponsiveness in Obese Asthmatics Through Dysregulation of Glucocorticoid Receptors \u03b1 and \u03b2","volume":"11","author":"Gaudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201208-1470OC","article-title":"Elevated Sputum Interleukin-5 and Submucosal Eosinophilia in Obese Individuals with Severe Asthma","volume":"188","author":"Desai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201311-2011LE","article-title":"Obese Individualswith Asthma Preferentially Have a High IL-5\/IL-17A\/IL-25 Sputum Inflammatory Pattern","volume":"189","author":"Marijsse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhatt, S.P., Guleria, R., and Kabra, S.K. (2021). Metabolic alterations and systemic inflammation in overweight\/obese children with obstructive sleep apnea. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252353"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S164833","article-title":"IL-26 in the induced sputum is associated with the level of systemic inflammation, lung functions and body weight in COPD patients","volume":"13","author":"Savchenko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2017.09.012","article-title":"T-cell profile and systemic cytokine levels in overweight-obese patients with moderate to very-severe COPD","volume":"247","author":"Peres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493409","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/493409","article-title":"Reduced Systemic Levels of IL-10 Are Associated with the Severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Insulin Resistance in Morbidly Obese Humans","volume":"2015","author":"Escobedo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2011.02586.x","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome is required in murine asthma in the absence of aluminum adjuvant","volume":"66","author":"Besnard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasse, P., Riteau, N., Vacher, R., Michel, M.-L., Fautrel, A., Di Padova, F., Fick, L., Charron, S., Lagente, V., and Eberl, G. (2011). IL-1 and IL-23 Mediate Early IL-17A Production in Pulmonary Inflammation Leading to Late Fibrosis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0023185"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900318","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 Induces the Rapid Secretion of the Antimicrobial Protein IL-26 from Th17 Cells","volume":"203","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5247","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203182","article-title":"Hemorrhagic Shock Augments Nlrp3 Inflammasome Activation in the Lung through Impaired Pyrin Induction","volume":"190","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600594","article-title":"IL-26 Confers Proinflammatory Properties to Extracellular DNA","volume":"198","author":"Poli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37132013000500006","article-title":"The influence of leptin on Th1\/Th2 balance in obese children with asthma","volume":"39","author":"Youssef","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bras. De Pneumol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4558","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1102363","article-title":"Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Subacute Ozone Is Augmented in Adiponectin-Deficient Mice: Role of IL-17A","volume":"188","author":"Kasahara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1952","article-title":"Bariatric surgery in patients with interstitial lung disease","volume":"33","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2020.10.002","article-title":"Beneficial impact of weight loss on respiratory function in interstitial lung disease patients with obesity","volume":"59","author":"Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"ref_143","first-page":"1368","article-title":"Effects of weight loss on asthma control in obese patients with severe asthma","volume":"43","author":"Reis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Brakel, L., Mensink, R.P., Wesseling, G., and Plat, J. (2020). Nutritional Interventions to Improve Asthma-Related Outcomes through Immunomodulation: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123839"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12115","article-title":"Diet-induced weight loss in obese children with asthma: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.154027","article-title":"The adiponectin receptor agonist AdipoRon normalizes glucose metabolism and prevents obesity but not growth retardation induced by glucocorticoids in young mice","volume":"103","author":"Nicolas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12656","article-title":"A small-molecule AdipoR agonist for type 2 diabetes and short life in obesity","volume":"503","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100095","article-title":"PEGylated AdipoRon derivatives improve glucose and lipid metabolism under insulinopenic and high-fat diet conditions","volume":"62","author":"Onodera","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.30193","article-title":"The Antioxidant MitoQ Protects Against CSE-Induced Endothelial Barrier Injury and Inflammation by Inhibiting ROS and Autophagy in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.01.046","article-title":"Oxidative stress\u2013induced mitochondrial dysfunction drives inflammation and airway smooth muscle remodeling in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"136","author":"Wiegman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"(2022, February 25). MitoQ for the Treatment of Metabolic Dysfunction in Asthma\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04026711?term=mitoq&draw=2&rank=4."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"(2022, February 19). Federal Register, Available online: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2016-12-16\/html\/2016-30109.htm."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8689","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201708689","article-title":"Tranilast directly targets NLRP 3 to treat inflammasome-driven diseases","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22338","article-title":"Tranilast, an antifibrogenic agent, ameliorates a dietary rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Uno","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s40268-022-00382-7","article-title":"NLRP3 Inhibitor Tranilast Attenuates Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in a Genetic Mouse Model","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs R&D"},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"(2022, February 19). IRCT Assessment of the Effect of Tranilast (Novel NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor) on the Efficacy of Antiviral Drug Regimens in the Treatment of Patients with Severe COVID19. Available online: https:\/\/en.irct.ir\/trial\/47265."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2021.1925293","article-title":"Tranilast: A potential anti-Inflammatory and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor drug for COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Nashibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41589-019-0277-7","article-title":"MCC950 directly targets the NLRP3 ATP-hydrolysis motif for inflammasome inhibition","volume":"15","author":"Coll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.10.003","article-title":"Relationship between type 2 cytokine and inflammasome responses in obesity-associated asthma","volume":"149","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.100988","article-title":"Maternal high-fat diet exaggerates diet-induced insulin resistance in adult offspring by enhancing inflammasome activation through noncanonical pathway of caspase-11","volume":"37","author":"Wada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-019-00086-9","article-title":"NLRP3 inhibitors stoke anti-inflammatory ambitions","volume":"18","author":"Mullard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1530","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1716095115","article-title":"OLT1177, a \u03b2-sulfonyl nitrile compound, safe in humans, inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome and reverses the metabolic cost of inflammation","volume":"115","author":"Marchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15164","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, OLT1177\u00ae, ameliorates experimental allergic asthma in mice","volume":"77","author":"Lunding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"(2022, February 22). Safety and Efficacy of Dapansutrile for Treatment of Moderate COVID-19 Symptoms and Evidence of Early Cytokine Release Syndrome\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04540120."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4153","article-title":"NOX4-dependent fatty acid oxidation promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages","volume":"22","author":"Moon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2011-0418OC","article-title":"The Nox4 Inhibitor GKT137831 Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Vascular Cell Proliferation","volume":"47","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"(2022, February 22). Safety and Efficacy of Oral GKT137831 in Patient with Type 2 Diabetes and Albuminuria\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02010242."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"(2022, February 22). GKT137831 in IPF Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03865927."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01835","article-title":"Effects of Anti-IL-17 on Inflammation, Remodeling, and Oxidative Stress in an Experimental Model of Asthma Exacerbated by LPS","volume":"8","author":"Camargo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201609-1830OC","article-title":"Role for NLRP3 Inflammasome\u2013mediated, IL-1\u03b2\u2013Dependent Responses in Severe, Steroid-Resistant Asthma","volume":"196","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"Pascoe, S., Kanniess, F., Bonner, J., Lloyd, P., Lowe, P., Beier, J., and Woessner, R. (2022, February 24). A Monoclonal Antibody to IL-1B Attenuates the Late Asthmatic Response to Antigen Challenge in Patients with Mild Asthma. Annual Congress 2006\u2014Novel Treatments for Asthma 2006. Available online: https:\/\/www.ers-education.org\/lr\/show-details\/?idP=5730."},{"key":"ref_172","unstructured":"(2022, February 24). Safety and Efficacy of Multiple Doses of Canakinumab (ACZ885) in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Patients\u2014Full Text View\u2014ClinicalTrials.Gov, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT00581945."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0633-7","article-title":"A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of anti\u2013interleukin-1 receptor 1 monoclonal antibody MEDI8968 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"18","author":"Calverley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.11.149","article-title":"Anakinra in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia requiring oxygen therapy: Results of a prospective, open-label, interventional study","volume":"103","author":"Balkhair","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31322-8","article-title":"Benralizumab, an anti-interleukin-5 receptor \u03b1 monoclonal antibody, as add-on treatment for patients with severe, uncontrolled, eosinophilic asthma (CALIMA): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial","volume":"388","author":"FitzGerald","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1905248","article-title":"Benralizumab for the Prevention of COPD Exacerbations","volume":"381","author":"Criner","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staton, T.L., Peng, K., Owen, R., Choy, D.F., Cabanski, C.R., Fong, A., Brunstein, F., Alatsis, K.R., and Chen, H. (2019). A phase I, randomized, observer-blinded, single and multiple ascending-dose study to investigate the safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of BITS7201A, a bispecific antibody targeting IL-13 and IL-17, in healthy volunteers. BMC Pulm. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-018-0763-9"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2165\/11599820-000000000-00000","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Properties of Canakinumab, a Human Anti-Interleukin-1\u03b2 Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"51","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2153","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz542","article-title":"Residual inflammatory risk associated with interleukin-18 and interleukin-6 after successful interleukin-1\u03b2 inhibition with canakinumab: Further rationale for the development of targeted anti-cytokine therapies for the treatment of atherothrombosis","volume":"41","author":"Ridker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4652898","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4652898","article-title":"Relationship of Serum Levels of IL-17, IL-18, TNF-\u03b1, and Lung Function Parameters in Patients with COPD, Asthma-COPD Overlap, and Bronchial Asthma","volume":"2020","author":"Kubysheva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00019207","article-title":"Interleukin-18 production and pulmonary function in COPD","volume":"31","author":"Imaoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791231","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/791231","article-title":"Inflammatory Signalings Involved in Airway and Pulmonary Diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/13\/7349\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:41:40Z","timestamp":1760139700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/13\/7349"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23137349"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23137349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}}}