{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T02:21:06Z","timestamp":1784946066198,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The end-stage of the clinical combination of heart failure and kidney disease has become known as cardiorenal syndrome. Adverse consequences related to diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension and renal impairment on cardiovascular function, morbidity and mortality are well known. Guidelines for the treatment of these risk factors have led to the improved prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease and reduced ejection fraction. Heart failure hospital admissions and readmission often occur, however, in the presence of metabolic, renal dysfunction and relatively preserved systolic function. In this domain, few advances have been described. Diabetes, kidney and cardiac dysfunction act synergistically to magnify healthcare costs. Current therapy relies on improving hemodynamic factors destructive to both the heart and kidney. We consider that additional hemodynamic solutions may be limited without the use of animal models focusing on the cardiomyocyte, nephron and extracellular matrices. We review herein potential common pathophysiologic targets for treatment to prevent and ameliorate this syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T22:50:46Z","timestamp":1656888646000},"page":"7351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Diabetic Cardiorenal Nexus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"John A.","family":"D\u2019Elia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Section, E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7508-9762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Bayliss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Organ Transplantation, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larry A.","family":"Weinrauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney and Hypertension Section, E P Joslin Research Laboratory, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2018020224","article-title":"Right heart failure\u2014Unrecognized cause of cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"29","author":"Bansal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diabetic microvascular complications: Possible targets for improved macrovascular outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Bayliss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gaasch, W.H., and LeWinter, M.M. (1994). Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure, Febiger."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00504-1","article-title":"Diffuse myocardial fibrosis: Mechanisms, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches","volume":"18","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(72)90595-4","article-title":"New type of cardiomyopathy associated with glomerulosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Rubler","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(75)90039-3","article-title":"Preclinical abnormality of left ventricular function in diabetes mellitus","volume":"89","author":"Ahmed","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.58.6.1184","article-title":"Asymptomatic coronary artery disease: Angiographic assessment in diabetic patients evaluated for renal transplantation","volume":"58","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1978","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"555","article-title":"Myocardial dysfunction without coronary artery disease in diabetic renal failure","volume":"121","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03530440037034","article-title":"The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure","volume":"275","author":"Levy","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/5.2.95","article-title":"Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A meta-analysis of 109 treatment studies","volume":"5","author":"Dahlof","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(12)70230-5","article-title":"Obesity-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: Pathologic features of the lesion and relationship with cardiomegaly and hyperlipidemia","volume":"20","author":"Verani","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.08.059","article-title":"Causes of death and heart weight in adults at necropsy in a tertiary Texas hospital, 2013\u20132015","volume":"118","author":"Roberts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.11.011","article-title":"Step-wise increase in arterial stiffness corresponding with the stages of chronic kidney disease","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2008.09.013","article-title":"Subclinical abnormalities in early-stage chronic kidney disease: The precursor of uremic cardiomyopathy","volume":"21","author":"Edwards","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.005","article-title":"2013 ACC\/AHA Guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association task force on practice guidelines","volume":"63","author":"Goff","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12776","article-title":"Renal function alters antihypertensive regimens in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Weinrauch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-7061(95)00148-I","article-title":"Autonomic function in type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated by nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(97)00472-X","article-title":"Relationship between autonomic function and progression of renal disease in diabetic proteinuria. Implications for blood pressure control","volume":"11","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5273(02)00346-7","article-title":"Marked abnormalities in heart rate variability are associated with progressive deterioration of renal function in type 1 diabetic patients with overt nephropathy","volume":"86","author":"Berger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04771.x","article-title":"Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in diabetic nephropathy: Loss of parasympathetic function predicts response to treatment","volume":"8","author":"Weinrauch","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.099747","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertophy reversal and prevention of diabetes: Two birds with one stone","volume":"50","author":"Schillaci","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lekawanvijit, S., Kompa, A.R., Manabe, M., Wang, B.H., Langham, R.G., Nishijima, F., Kelly, D.J., and Krum, H. (2012). Chronic kidney disease-induced cardiac fibrosis is ameliorated by reducing circulating levels of a non-dialyzable uremic toxin, indoxyl sulfate. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041281"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014060543","article-title":"Klotho protects against indoxyl sulfate-induced myocardial hypertrophy","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014040325","article-title":"Soluble Klotho protects against uremic cardiomyopathy independently of fibroblast growth factor 23 and phosphate","volume":"26","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014050465","article-title":"Klotho and phosphate are modulators of pathologic uremic cardiac remodeling","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000365447","article-title":"Serum \u03b22-microglobulin correlates positively with left ventricular hypertrophy in long-term hemodialysis patients","volume":"128","author":"Masuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephron Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra023144","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis","volume":"349","author":"Merlini","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.03.012","article-title":"Transthyretin stabilization by AG10 in symptomatic transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy","volume":"74","author":"Judge","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.05.031","article-title":"Therapy of transthyretin cardiomyopathy","volume":"74","author":"Gertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.074","article-title":"Osteopontin promotes left ventricular diastolic dysfunction through a mitochondrial pathway","volume":"73","author":"Yousefi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000228","article-title":"Cardiac insulin resistance and decreased mitochondrial energy production precede the development of systolic heart failure after pressure-overload hypertrophy","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0079","article-title":"Type 1 diabetic Akita mouse hearts are insulin sensitive but manifest structurally abnormal mitochondria that remain coupled despite increased uncoupling protein e","volume":"57","author":"Bugger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.12.3201","article-title":"Decreased sarcoplasmic reticulum activity and contractility in diabetic db\/db mouse heart","volume":"53","author":"Belke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.04.031","article-title":"Left ventricular hypertrophy in nondiabetic predialysis CKD","volume":"46","author":"Paoletti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/5.1.39","article-title":"Diffuse intermyocardiocytic fibrosis in uremic patients","volume":"5","author":"Mall","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00086.x","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of dilated cardiomyopathy in hemodialysis patients","volume":"67","author":"Aoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2015.12.011","article-title":"Diabetes-associated cardiac fibrosis: Cellular effectors, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"90","author":"Russo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000249","article-title":"Redefinition of uremic cardiomyopathy by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"69","author":"Mark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110779","article-title":"Effect of hemodialysis on left ventricular function. Dissociation of changes in filling volume and in contractile state","volume":"71","author":"Nixon","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI46122","article-title":"FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"121","author":"Faul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.002","article-title":"Activation of cardiac fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 causes left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"22","author":"Grabner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.019","article-title":"Primary outcomes of the Monitoring in Dialysis Study indicate that clinically significant arrhythmias are common in hemodialysis patients and related to dialytic cycle","volume":"93","author":"Tumlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2381","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380110043009","article-title":"Application of the ambulatory 24-hour electrocardiogram to the prediction of cardiac death in dialysis patients","volume":"148","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Inter. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.00072.x","article-title":"Electrocardiographic abnormalities and uremic cardiomyopathy","volume":"67","author":"Stewart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2016.08.084","article-title":"Effect of heart rate and use of beta blockers in mortality after heart transplantation","volume":"118","author":"Ciarka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.12.052","article-title":"Echocardiography criteria for structural heart disease in patients with end-stage renal disease initiating hemodialysis","volume":"67","author":"Hickson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005111240","article-title":"Left ventricular systolic function monitoring in asymptomatic dialysis patients: A prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Zoccali","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2018.04.003","article-title":"Renal function, N-terminal Pro-B-Type natriuretic peptide, propeptide big-endothelin and patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"111","author":"Gergei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(79)90440-X","article-title":"Role of carnitine in fatty acid metabolism of normal and ischemic myocardium","volume":"97","author":"Opie","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017070802","article-title":"Impairment of PPAR alpha and the fatty oxidation pathway aggravates renal fibrosis during aging","volume":"29","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2851","article-title":"Loss of function mutations in MICU1 cause a brain and muscle disorder linked to primary alterations in mitochondrial calcium signaling","volume":"46","author":"Logan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-1237","article-title":"MICU1 alleviates cardiomyopathy through mitochondrial Ca2-dependent antioxidant response","volume":"66","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.300376","article-title":"Cardiac metabolism in heart failure-implications beyond ATP production","volume":"113","author":"Doenst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.7.1186","article-title":"Serum levels of advanced glycation end-products are associated with left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"22","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-1449","article-title":"Circulating sphingolipids, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B: The Strong Heart Family Study","volume":"67","author":"LeMaitre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307497","article-title":"Circulating ceramides predict cardiovascular outcomes in the population-based FINRISK 2002 cohort","volume":"36","author":"Havulinna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw148","article-title":"Plasma ceramides predict cardiovascular death in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes with chronic heart failure","volume":"37","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.217737","article-title":"Potential therapeutic targets for cardiac fibrosis: TGF Beta, angiotensin, endothelin, CCN2, and PDGF, partners in fibroblast activation","volume":"106","author":"Leask","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00290.x","article-title":"Endothelin receptor antagonists influence cardiovascular morphology in uremic rats","volume":"55","author":"Nabokov","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.938217","article-title":"Endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 promotes cardiac fibrosis in diabetic hearts through stimulation of endothelial-to-mesenchyme transition","volume":"121","author":"Widyantoro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117251","article-title":"Angiotensin ll stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor beta expressed in rat glomerular mesangial cells","volume":"93","author":"Kagami","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800810218","article-title":"Tumour necrosis factor-mediated release of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 by human peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"81","author":"Whawell","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.5.1467.1467","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor increases the production of plasminogen activator inhibitor in human endothelial cells in vitro and in rats in vivo","volume":"72","author":"Kooistra","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.046","article-title":"Fast renal decline to end-stage renal disease: An unrecognized feature of nephropathy in diabetes","volume":"91","author":"Krolewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.32.6.965","article-title":"Effect of activation of the renin-angiotensin system on plasma PAI-1","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81460-9","article-title":"Thrombospondin is a major activator of TGF-1 in vivo","volume":"93","author":"Crawford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1992.tb51598.x","article-title":"Modulation of fibrinolysis by thrombospondin","volume":"67","author":"Mosher","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R148","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.1998.274.1.F148","article-title":"Angiotensin II induces TNF production by the thick ascending limb: Functional implications","volume":"274","author":"Ferreri","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1358\/mf.2000.22.10.802287","article-title":"Angiotensin appears to operate through an intermediate, Induction of cardiac fibrosis by angiotensin II","volume":"10","author":"Lijnen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1161\/hy0302.105295","article-title":"Aldosterone and D-glucose stimulate the proliferation of human cardiac myoblasts in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Neumann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.25.4.809","article-title":"Effect of angiotensin ll blockade on the fibroproliferative response to phenylephrine in the rat heart","volume":"25","author":"Farivar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000025443.61926.12","article-title":"Norepinephrine enhances fibrosis mediated by TGF-B in cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"40","author":"Ashizawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007885","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007885","article-title":"Predictive value of collagen biomarkers for heart failure with and without preserved ejection fraction: MESA (Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis)","volume":"7","author":"Duprez","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.134320","article-title":"Klotho gene delivery prevents the progression of spontaneous hypertension and renal damage","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009121311","article-title":"Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1252","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00294.2011","article-title":"Reduced Klotho expression level in kidney aggravates renal interstitial fibrosis","volume":"302","author":"Sugiura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8655","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.174037","article-title":"Klotho inhibits transforming Growth Factor-Beta1 (TGF-B1) signaling and suppresses renal fibrosis and cancer metastasis in mice","volume":"286","author":"Doi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6120","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C500457200","article-title":"Regulation of fibroblast growth factor-23 signaling by klotho","volume":"281","author":"Kurosu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.120.318556","article-title":"Randomized trial of etelcalcetide for cardiac hypertrophy in hemodialysis","volume":"128","author":"Kammer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2017.07.003","article-title":"Empagliflozin prevents worsening of cardiac function in an experimental model of pressure-overload \u2013induced heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Byrne","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"39","article-title":"Manifestation of renal disease in obesity: Pathophysiology of obesity-related dysfunction of the kidney","volume":"2","author":"Roshan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norvik, J.V., Schmir, H., Ytrehus, K., Jennsen, T., Zykova, S., Eggem, A., Eriksen, B., and Solbu, M. (2017). Low adiponectin is associated with diastolic dysfunction in women: A cross-Sectional study from the Tromso Study. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-017-0509-2"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470020057032","article-title":"The Impact of Obesity on Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry: The Framingham Heart Study","volume":"266","author":"Lauer","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2013.01.004","article-title":"Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitors and outcomes in heart failure and preserved ejection fraction","volume":"126","author":"Mujib","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.05.002","article-title":"Cardiac fibroblasts: At the heart of myocardial modeling","volume":"123","author":"Porter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2017.05.006","article-title":"Intrarenal flow alterations during transition from euvolemia to intravascular volume expansion in heart failure patients","volume":"5","author":"Nijst","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.136","article-title":"A high sugar and high fat diet impairs cardiac systolic and diastolic function in mice","volume":"198","author":"Carbone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.07.018","article-title":"High fat, high sucrose diet causes cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction due in part to oxidative post- translational modification of mitochondrial complex ll","volume":"78","author":"Sverdlov","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0901","article-title":"Ceramide transporter CERT is involved in muscle insulin signaling defects under lipotoxic conditions","volume":"67","author":"Bandet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"E528","article-title":"Defective sarcoplasmic reticular calcium transport in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"244","author":"Ganguly","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2014.11.005","article-title":"The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in myocardial ischemia perfusion injury","volume":"78","author":"Ong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.05.038","article-title":"Mechanical unloading in heart failure","volume":"72","author":"Uriel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.9.2514","article-title":"Cardiac-specific overexpression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor- alpha causes insulin resistance in heart and liver","volume":"54","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.03.066","article-title":"Effect of spironolactone on left ventricular mass and aortic stiffness in end-stage chronic kidney disease","volume":"54","author":"Edward","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10437","article-title":"Smooth muscle cell\u2013mineralocorticoid receptor as a mediator of cardiovascular stiffness with aging","volume":"71","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704131","article-title":"Reversal of cardiac and renal fibrosis by pirfenidone and spironolactone in streptozotocin-diabetic rats","volume":"133","author":"Miric","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000044937.95080.E9","article-title":"Effectiveness of aldosterone blockade in patients with diabetic nephropathy","volume":"41","author":"Sato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.169961","article-title":"Addition of spironolactone in patients with resistant arterial hypertension (ASPIRANT): A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Vaclavik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.04.038","article-title":"Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Pitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp191","article-title":"Blockade of mineralocorticoid receptor reverses adipocyte dysfunction and insulin resistance in obese mice","volume":"84","author":"Hirata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14211","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336140100","article-title":"Human adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid releasing factors","volume":"100","author":"Schraven","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000113294.06704.64","article-title":"Epoxy-keto derivative of linoleic acid stimulates aldosterone secretion","volume":"43","author":"Goodfriend","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2005.11.014","article-title":"The effect of bariatric surgery on adipokines, renal parametrics, and other cardiovascular risk factors in severe and very severe obesity: 1 year follow up","volume":"25","author":"Serra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.09.031","article-title":"Kidney outcomes three years after bariatric surgery in severely obese adolescents","volume":"91","author":"Nehus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.554360","article-title":"Reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity and increased mitochondrial uncoupling impair myocardial energetics in obesity","volume":"112","author":"Boudina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0481","article-title":"Mitochondrial energetics in the heart in obesity-related diabetes. Direct evidence for increased uncoupled respiration and activation of uncoupling proteins","volume":"56","author":"Boudina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.12.2123","article-title":"Mechanism of impaired left ventricular wall motion in the diabetic heart without coronary disease","volume":"21","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.2337\/db16-0804","article-title":"Assessment of metformin-induced changes in cardiac and hepatic redox state using hyperpolarized [1-13 C] pyruvate","volume":"65","author":"Lewis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.530428","article-title":"Metabolic imaging with beta-methyl-p-[(128) I] iodophenyl-pentadecanoic acid identifies ischemic memory after demand ischemia","volume":"112","author":"Dilsizian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.51.8.2587","article-title":"Impaired long-chain fatty acid oxidation and contractile dysfunction in the obese Zucker rat heart","volume":"51","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"227","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, race and effects of omega 3 fattyacids on incidence of heart failure hospitalizations","volume":"10","author":"Djousse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.-Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1106180","article-title":"Proteotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction-Alzheimer\u2019s disease of the heart","volume":"368","author":"Willis","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200306000-00008","article-title":"Lipotoxicity: When tissues overeat","volume":"14","author":"Shaffer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927611012256","article-title":"Diabetes-Induced Alterations in the Extracellular Matrix and Their Impact on Myocardial Function","volume":"18","author":"Law","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microsc. Microanal."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-8-16","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: Effects of fenofibrate and metformin in an experimental model\u2014The Zucker diabetic rat","volume":"8","author":"Forcheron","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.071","article-title":"Burden and Outcomes of Heart Failure Hospitalizations in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"73","author":"Bansal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.033","article-title":"Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and diabetes","volume":"73","author":"McHugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800256","article-title":"Risk Factors, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"379","author":"Rawshani","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.01.077","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome type 1: Pathophysiological crosstalk leading to combined heart and kidney dysfunction in the setting of acutely decompensated heart failure","volume":"60","author":"Ronco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.12.011","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1177\/107424849800300407","article-title":"Effects of metformin on collagen glycation and diastolic dysfunction in diabetic myocardium","volume":"3","author":"Jyothirmayi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.798561","article-title":"Metformin prevents progression of heart failure in dogs: Role of AMP-activated protein kinase","volume":"119","author":"Sasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.10.1905","article-title":"Aminoguanidine prevents the decreased myocardial compliance produced by streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in rats","volume":"93","author":"Norton","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000065620.39919.20","article-title":"A breaker of advanced glycolated end-products attenuates diabetes-induced myocardial structural changes","volume":"92","author":"Candido","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00292","article-title":"Advanced glycation end-product cross-link breaker attenuates diabetes-associated cardiac dysfunction by improving sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium handling","volume":"3","author":"Kranstuber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx011","article-title":"An overview of the inflammatory signaling mechanisms in the myocardium underlying the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"113","author":"Frati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2017.03.036","article-title":"Usefulness of collagen carboxy-terminal propeptide and telopeptide to predict disturbances of long-term mortality in patients \u2265 60 years with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"119","author":"Lofsjogard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1675","article-title":"Protection from retinopathy and other complications in patients with type 1 diabetes of extreme duration: The Joslin 50-year medalist study","volume":"34","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13462","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13462","article-title":"Abundance, localization, and functional correlates of the advanced glycation end-product carboxymethyl lysine in human myocardium","volume":"5","author":"LeWinter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.11.034","article-title":"Advanced glycation end products in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease","volume":"93","author":"Rabbani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0646-x","article-title":"Methylglyoxal-derived advanced glycation end products contribute to negative cardiac remodeling and dysfunction post-myocardial ischemia","volume":"112","author":"Blackburn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2828(92)93194-O","article-title":"Myocardial glycoproteins in diabetes: Type VI collagen is a major PAS-reactive extracellular matrix protein","volume":"24","author":"Spiro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036068","article-title":"Glycemic Control, Cardiac Autoimmunity, and Long-Term Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"139","author":"Sousa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0557-z","article-title":"Impact of glycemic control on aortic stiffness, left ventricular mass and diastolic longitudinal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"16","author":"Kozakova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol"},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Empagliflozin ameliorate adverse left ventricular modeling in nondiabetic heart failure by enhancing myocardial energetics","volume":"73","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv442","article-title":"Cardiac energetics, oxygenation, and perfusion during increased workload in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"37","author":"Levelt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.044","article-title":"Etiology-dependent impairment of diastolic cardiomyocyte calcium homeostasis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"77","author":"Frisk","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.089","article-title":"Endothelial to mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular disease","volume":"73","author":"Kovacic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.959684","article-title":"Reverse remodeling with left ventricular assist devices: A review of clinical, cellular, and molecular effects","volume":"4","author":"Ambardekar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.040","article-title":"Cell-Specific Pathways Supporting Persistent Fibrosis in Heart Failure","volume":"70","author":"Farris","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.10.094","article-title":"Can Myocardial Fibrosis Be Reversed?","volume":"73","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8015","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.120055097","article-title":"Long-term prevention of renal insufficiency, excess matrix gene expression, and glomerular mesangial matrix expansion by treatment with monoclonal antitransforming growth factor-beta antibody in db\/db diabetic mice","volume":"97","author":"Ziyadeh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.049","article-title":"Myofibroblast Phenotype and Reversibility of Fibrosis in Patients With End-Stage Heart Failure","volume":"73","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H994","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00071.2022","article-title":"Female Rats are Less prone to clinical heart failure than male rats in a jouvenile rat model of right ventricular pressure load","volume":"322","author":"Bossers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076075","article-title":"Low myocardial protein kinase G activity in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"126","author":"Hamdani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021317-121234","article-title":"Titin Gene and Protein Functions in Passive and Active Muscle","volume":"80","author":"Linke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0650","article-title":"Sex differences in coronary microvascular function in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Haas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.2337\/db14-0670","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor blockafde improves coronary vascular function in individuals with type 2 diabetes","volume":"64","author":"Garg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx721","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunctionand future risk of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction","volume":"39","author":"Taqueti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013255","article-title":"Regional variation in patients and outcomes in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac function heart failurewith an aldosterone antagonist (TOPCAT) trial","volume":"131","author":"Pfeffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.22.2700","article-title":"Limitation of excessive extracellular matrix turnover may contribute to survival benefit of spironolactone therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: Insights from the Randomize Aldactone Evaluation EvaluationStudy (RALES)","volume":"102","author":"Zannad","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.47.6.859","article-title":"Protein kinase C activationand development of diabetic complications","volume":"47","author":"Koya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312166","article-title":"Diabetes-induced cardiomyocyte passive stiffening is caused by impaired insulin-dependent titin modification and can be modulated by neuregulin-1","volume":"123","author":"Hopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313396","article-title":"Shortening the stressed giant titin in diabetes mellitus","volume":"123","author":"Methawasin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000144466.11568.7e","article-title":"Mechanisms for aldosterone and spironolactone-induced positive inotropic action in the rat heart","volume":"44","author":"Barbato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586","article-title":"Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An update of mechanisms contributing to this clinical entity","volume":"122","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.2741\/3590","article-title":"Angiotensin II: A regulator of cardiomyocyte function and survival","volume":"14","author":"Palomeque","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed)."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.02.051","article-title":"Cardiac calcitropes, myotropes and mitotropes","volume":"73","author":"Psotka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E328","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00055.2005","article-title":"Activation of PPAR gamma enhances myocardial glucose oxidation and improves contractile function in isolated working hearts of ZDF rats","volume":"289","author":"Golfman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000081768.13378.BF","article-title":"Activation and functional significance of the renin-angiotensin system in mice with cardiac restricted over-expression of tumor necrosis factor","volume":"108","author":"Flesch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.12.049","article-title":"Angiotensin II increases collagen I expression via transforming growth factor-beta 1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"606","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0805","article-title":"Intracellular angiotensin II production in diabetic rats is correlated with cardiomyocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and cardiac fibrosis","volume":"57","author":"Singh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.01.036","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical generation, levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, and progression to heart failure after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"43","author":"Valgimigli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2004.04.030","article-title":"TGF Beta-1 and angiotensin networking in cardiac remodeling","volume":"63","author":"Rosenkranz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.7.1443","article-title":"Effects of glucose intolerance on myocardial function and collagen-linked glycation","volume":"48","author":"Avendano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001846","article-title":"Renal injury due to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation of the transforming growth factor pathway","volume":"70","author":"Wolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000018605.14470.DD","article-title":"Carvedilol decreases elevated oxidative stress in human failing myocardium","volume":"105","author":"Nakamura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000024348.87637.6F","article-title":"Simvastatin prevents angiotensin II-cardiac alteration and oxidative stress","volume":"40","author":"Delbosc","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.02.007","article-title":"Blockade of NF-kB improves cardiac function and survival without affecting inflammation in TNF-a-induced cardiomyopathy","volume":"66","author":"Kawamura","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.35.3.746","article-title":"Allopurinol normalizes endothelial function in type 2 diabetics with mild hypertension","volume":"35","author":"Butler","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.651117","article-title":"High-dose allopurinol improves endothelial function by profoundly reducing vascular oxidative stress and not by lowering uric acid","volume":"114","author":"George","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.07.074","article-title":"Allopurinol reduces left ventricular mass in patients with type 2 diabetes and left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"62","author":"Szwejkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111185","article-title":"Allopurinol benefits left ventricular mass and endothelial function in chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Kao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02118.x","article-title":"Association between allopurinol and mortality in heart failure patients: A long-term follow up study","volume":"63","author":"Wei","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0342","article-title":"Preventing Early Renal Loss in Diabetes (PERL) Study: A Randomized Double-Blinded Trial of Allopurinol-Rationale, Design, and Baseline Data","volume":"42","author":"Afkarian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1159\/000516213","article-title":"effects of finerinone combined with empagliflozin in a model of hypertension-induced end-organ damage","volume":"52","author":"Kolkhof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916624","article-title":"Serum urate lowering with allopurinol and kidney function in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"382","author":"Doria","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2004.09.015","article-title":"The American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines program","volume":"148","author":"Smaha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.080770","article-title":"Get with the Guidelines Scientific Advisory Committee and Investigators. Trends in patients hospitalized with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: Prevalence, therapies, and outcomes","volume":"126","author":"Steinberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn153","article-title":"Impact of diabetes on outcomes in patients with low and preserved ejection fraction heart failure: An analysis of the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) programme","volume":"29","author":"MacDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1149","article-title":"Heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction in CHARM: Characteristics, outcomes and effect of candesartan across the entire fraction spectrum","volume":"20","author":"Lund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2009.09.041","article-title":"Comparison of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction among those with and without diabetes","volume":"105","author":"Aguilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.05.030","article-title":"Cardiovascular phenotype in HFpEF patients with or without diabetes: A RELAX trial ancillary study","volume":"64","author":"Lindman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024593","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics and cardiovascular outcomes according to diabetes status in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: A report from the I- Preserve trial (Irbesartan in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.)","volume":"135","author":"Kristensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2018.11.022","article-title":"Comparison of outcomes in patients with diabetes mellitus treated with versus without insulin + heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (from the TOPCAT Study)","volume":"123","author":"Huynh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611925","article-title":"Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes","volume":"377","author":"Neal","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2887","article-title":"Effects of SGLT2 inhibitior dapagliflozen on energy metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind crossover trial","volume":"44","author":"Yuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.11.042","article-title":"Effects of sacubitril\/valsartan on biomarkers of extracellular matrix regulation in patients with HFrEF","volume":"73","author":"Zile","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.045691","article-title":"Empagliflozin in Heart failure: Diuretic and cardiorenal effects","volume":"142","author":"Griffen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"1042","article-title":"Dapagliflozin and diuretic use in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction","volume":"142","author":"Jackson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2030183","article-title":"SOLONIST-WHF Investigators. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and recent worsening hear failure","volume":"384","author":"Bhatt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.051","article-title":"HFpEF: Should we consider diabetic patients separately? The cardio-myocytes say yes","volume":"77","author":"Hulot","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.2337\/db21-0587","article-title":"Contraction-mediated glucose transport in skeletal muscle is regulated by a framework of AMPK, TBC ID \u00bc and RAC 1","volume":"70","author":"Espelage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolic, M., Zivkovic, V., Jovic, J., Sretenovic, J., Davidovic, G., Simovic, S., Djokovic, D., Muric, N., Bolevich, S., and Jakovljevic, V. (2021). SGLT2 inhibitors: A focus on cardiac benefits and potential mechanisms. Heart Fail. Rev.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-021-10079-9"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2020.02.004","article-title":"Mechanisms of cardiovascular benefits of sodium glucose co-transporter-2- (SGLT2) inhibition","volume":"5","author":"Lopaschuk","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90608-2","article-title":"Usefulness of left ventricular size and function in predicting survival in chronic dialysis patients with diabetes","volume":"79","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1224","article-title":"Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 impairs ventricular function and promotes cardiac fibrosis in high fat-fed diabetic mice","volume":"65","author":"Mullvihle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13007","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13007","article-title":"Liraglutide relieves cardiac dilated function better than dpp-4 inhiibitors","volume":"48","author":"Hiramatsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-6175.2005.04307.x","article-title":"Left ventricular mass reduction in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"Weinrauch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hyperten."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1989.192","article-title":"Impact of left ventricular hypertrophy on survival in end-stage renal disease","volume":"36","author":"Silberberg","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03600414","article-title":"Utility of traditional circulatory and image-based cardiac biomarkers in patients with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"Colbert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013070754","article-title":"Association of body mass index with outcomes in patients with CKD","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1159\/000439447","article-title":"Eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy and sudden death in patients with end-stage kidney disease","volume":"42","author":"Hansildaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.35680","article-title":"Left ventricular geometry and adverse cardiovascular events in chronic hemodialysis patients on prolonged therapy with ACE inhibitors","volume":"40","author":"Paoletti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-014-1049-5","article-title":"Serum concenterationof procollagen III amnio-terminal peptide is increased in patients with successfully repaired coarctation of the aorta with lef ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"36","author":"Yamaza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"S21","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor 1 and collagen type III synthesis in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy","volume":"8","author":"Diez","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.10.024","article-title":"Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction","volume":"57","author":"Kasner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000692021","article-title":"Long-term impact of arteriovenous fistula ligation on cardiac structure and function in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"2","author":"Salehi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11125","article-title":"Myocardial remodeling in hypertension","volume":"72","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12168","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle is associated with pulmonary edema after renal transplantation","volume":"57","author":"Higashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiolica Scand."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2009.10.009","article-title":"The impact of kidney transplantation on heart failure risk varies with candidate body mass index","volume":"158","author":"Lentine","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.050","article-title":"Identifying pathophysiological mechanisms in heart failure with reduced versus preserved ejection fraction","volume":"72","author":"Tromp","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.912","article-title":"A network analysis to compare biomarker profiles in patients with and without diabetes in acute heart failure","volume":"19","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(99)00098-9","article-title":"Prospective Evaluation of Autonomic Dysfunction in Aggressive Management of Diabetic Microangiopathy","volume":"12","author":"Weinrauch","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S40897","article-title":"The autonomic nervous system in resistant hypertension","volume":"6","author":"Weinrauch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol. Renovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, J., Young, B.E., and Fadel, P.J. (2017). Sympathetic Overactivity in Chronic Kidney Disease: Consequences and Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081682"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0616","article-title":"Impaired chronotropic response to exercise stress testing in patients with diabetes predicts future cardiovascular events","volume":"31","author":"Ho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.01.038","article-title":"Assessment of autonomic function in cardiovascular disease: Physiological basis and prognostic implications","volume":"51","author":"Lahiri","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.002","article-title":"Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: An American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing","volume":"52","author":"Somers","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3007","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1096","article-title":"The impact of empagliflozin on obstructive sleep apnea on cardiovascular outcomes and renal outcomes: An exploratory analysis of the EMPA- REG Outcome Trial","volume":"43","author":"Neeland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brikman, S., and Dori, G. (2021). Comment on Neeland et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on cardiovascular outcomes and renal outcomes: An exploratory analysis of the EMPA-REG Outcome Trial. Diabetes Care, 44I.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0310"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.11.034","article-title":"Renal sympathetic denervation reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in patients with resistant hypertension","volume":"59","author":"Brandt","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-1313","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic function is associated with myocardial flow reserve in Type 1 diabetes","volume":"68","author":"Zobel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.07.051","article-title":"Cardiorenal syndrome","volume":"52","author":"Ronco","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2018.01.024","article-title":"Improved cardiovascular risk factors control associated with a large-scale population management program among diabetic patients","volume":"131","author":"Rana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.10.021","article-title":"Insulin-resistant cardiomyopathy","volume":"51","author":"Witteles","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_228","first-page":"98","article-title":"Reproducibility of heart rate variability in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Burger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00331-8","article-title":"Circadian patterns of heart rate varialility in type 1 diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy","volume":"84","author":"Aronson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00417-8","article-title":"Effect of glycemic control on heart rate variability in type 1 diabetic patients with cardiac autonomic neuropathy","volume":"84","author":"Burger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2016.02.033","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance and glycemic metabolic abnormalities with LV structure and function in middle age","volume":"10","author":"Kishi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.2337\/db18-0112","article-title":"Relation of aortic stiffness to left ventricular remodeling in younger adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"67","author":"Gulsin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2010.01.006","article-title":"Involvement of NADPH oxidase in age-associated cardiac remodeling","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_234","first-page":"479","article-title":"Decreased blood pressure in NOX-1 deficient mice","volume":"580","author":"Gavazzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F219","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00414.2002","article-title":"NOX4 mediates angiotensin-2 induced activation of AKT\/protein kinase B in mesangial cells","volume":"285","author":"Gorin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.02.012","article-title":"Angiotensin 2 type 1 receptor and NOX2 mediate TCF\/LEF and CREB dependent WISP-1 induction and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy","volume":"50","author":"Shanmugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000118519.66430.22","article-title":"Possible contributions of reactive oxygen species and mitogen-activated protein kinase to renal injury in aldosterone\/salt- induced hypertensive rats","volume":"43","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39616","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502412200","article-title":"NOX4NAD(P)H oxidase mediates hypertrophy and fibronectin expression in the diabetic kidney","volume":"280","author":"Gorin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009020146","article-title":"NAD(P)H oxidase mediates TGF Beta-1 induced activation of kidney myofibroblasts","volume":"21","author":"Bondi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c122","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00141.2011","article-title":"IGF-1 increases the expression of fibronectin by NOX4\u2013dependent AKT phosphorylation in renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"302","author":"New","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.06.007","article-title":"Prevalence of impact of myocardial injury in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 infections","volume":"76","author":"Lala","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.3551","article-title":"Association of cardiac infection with SARS-CoV-2 in confirmed COVID-19 autopsy cases","volume":"5","author":"Lindner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatrath, N., Kaza, N., Pabari, P.A., Fox, K., Mayet, J., Barton, C., Cole, G.D., and Plyme, C.M. (2020). The effect of concomitant COVID-19 outcomes in patients hospitalized with heart failure. ESC Heart Fail.","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13059"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using open SAFELY","volume":"584","author":"Williamson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2029058","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.29058","article-title":"Risk factors associated with in-hospital-mortality in a US national sample of patients with COVIC-19","volume":"3","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00487-3","article-title":"Long COVID and kidney disease","volume":"17","author":"Yende","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14296","article-title":"Effects of dapagliflozin on prevention of major clinical events and recovery in patients with respiratory failure because of COVID-19: Design and rationale for the DARE-19study","volume":"4","author":"Kosiborod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Medab."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heerspink, H.J.L., Furtado, R.H.M., Berwanger, O., Koch, G.G., Martinez, F., Mukhtar, O., Verma, S., Gasparyan, S.B., Tang, F., and Windsor, S.L. (2022). Dapiglizlozin and kidney outomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 infection: An analysis of the DARE-19 randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.20213210S1B5c"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/13\/7351\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:41:40Z","timestamp":1760139700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/13\/7351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"references-count":248,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23137351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23137351","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]}}}