{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T08:08:12Z","timestamp":1790842092069,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The nervous system and the kidneys are linked under physiological states to maintain normal body homeostasis. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), damaged kidneys can impair the central nervous system, including cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment (CI). Recently, kidney disease has been proposed as a new modifiable risk factor for dementia. It is reported that uremic toxins may have direct neurotoxic (astrocyte activation and neuronal death) and\/or indirect action through vascular effects (cerebral endothelial dysfunction, calcification, and inflammation). This review summarizes the evidence from research investigating the pathophysiological effects of phosphate toxicity in the nervous system, raising the question of whether the control of hyperphosphatemia in CKD would lower patients\u2019 risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,3]],"date-time":"2022-07-03T22:50:46Z","timestamp":1656888646000},"page":"7362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Phosphate in the Context of Cognitive Impairment and Other Neurological Disorders Occurrence in Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-2579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merita","family":"Rroji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine Tirana, 1001 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-0312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreja","family":"Figurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Banja Luka, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina"},{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-6057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Viggiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"BioGeM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovambattista","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cL. Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"},{"name":"BioGeM, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 83031 Ariano Irpino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goce","family":"Spasovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinic for Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University St. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab220","article-title":"How much time does it take to get cognitive impairment in kidney disease?","volume":"37","author":"Viggiano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanciu, G.D., Ababei, D.C., Bild, V., Bild, W., Paduraru, L., Gutu, M.M., and Tamba, B.-I. (2020). 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