{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:33:12Z","timestamp":1790695992417,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":258,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021B0707010007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B0707010007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007162","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018143"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007162","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Promotion Project on Preservation and UtiIization of Local Breed of Livestock and Poultry","award":["2021B0707010007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021B0707010007"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Promotion Project on Preservation and UtiIization of Local Breed of Livestock and Poultry","award":["2018143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018143"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex determination is crucial for the transmission of genetic information through generations. In mammal, this process is primarily regulated by an antagonistic network of sex-related genes beginning in embryonic development and continuing throughout life. Nonetheless, abnormal expression of these sex-related genes will lead to reproductive organ and germline abnormalities, resulting in disorders of sex development (DSD) and infertility. On the other hand, it is possible to predetermine the sex of animal offspring by artificially regulating sex-related gene expression, a recent research hotspot. In this paper, we reviewed recent research that has improved our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of the gonad and primordial germ cells (PGCs), progenitors of the germline, to provide new directions for the treatment of DSD and infertility, both of which involve manipulating the sex ratio of livestock offspring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1657100470000},"page":"7500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Early Gonadal Development and Sex Determination in Mammal"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yanshe","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zicong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6554-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linjun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005","article-title":"Disorders of sex development","volume":"48","author":"Witchel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.130","article-title":"DSDs: Genetics, underlying pathologies and psychosexual differentiation","volume":"10","author":"Arboleda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2018.03.012","article-title":"Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology","volume":"62","author":"Vander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.2307\/2408385","article-title":"Sex chromosomes and the evolution of sexual dimorphism","volume":"38","author":"Rice","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gonadal development","volume":"27","author":"Bashamboo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Underst. Differ. Disord. Sex Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.00481","article-title":"Sex Manipulation Technologies Progress in Livestock: A Review","volume":"7","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.07.032","article-title":"Sry and SoxE genes: How they participate in mammalian sex determination and gonadal development?","volume":"63","author":"She","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1703-3","article-title":"Regulation of male sex determination: Genital ridge formation and Sry activation in mice","volume":"71","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1324722","article-title":"WNT4, RSPO1, and FOXL2 in sex development","volume":"30","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolic, A., Volarevic, V., Armstrong, L., Lako, M., and Stojkovic, M. (2016). Primordial Germ Cells: Current Knowledge and Perspectives. Stem Cells Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1741072"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marlow, F. (2015). Primordial Germ Cell Specification and Migration. F1000Research, 4.","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.6995.1"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1599085","article-title":"Of Mice and Men: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Primordial Germ Cell Specification","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"38","article-title":"A new look at the mechanisms controlling sex differentiation in mammals","volume":"1","author":"Jost","year":"1972","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Med. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1060190203","article-title":"Fine structural characteristics of testicular cord formation in the developing rabbit gonad","volume":"19","author":"Wartenberg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Electron Microsc. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"20","article-title":"Ultrastructure of gonadal ridge in male and female pig embryos","volume":"147","author":"Pelliniemi","year":"1975","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00496841","article-title":"The presence of a common embryonic blastema for ovarian and testicular parenchymal (follicular, interstitial and tubular) cells in cattle Bos taurus","volume":"74","author":"Gropp","year":"1966","journal-title":"Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000363432","article-title":"Wolffian duct development","volume":"8","author":"Shaw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"142","article-title":"Regulation of Wolffian duct development","volume":"67","author":"Hannema","year":"2007","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137666","article-title":"Embryological observations on the female genital tract","volume":"7","author":"Acien","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2004.11.004","article-title":"Signaling at the crossroads of gonad development","volume":"16","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.170319cs","article-title":"Sex determination and gonadal sex differentiation in the chicken model","volume":"62","author":"Hirst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.069","article-title":"Dissecting Cell Lineage Specification and Sex Fate Determination in Gonadal Somatic Cells Using Single-Cell Transcriptomics","volume":"26","author":"Stevant","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.12.004","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of the developing human testis reveals somatic niche cell specification and fetal germline stem cell establishment","volume":"28","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R47","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0314","article-title":"The molecular pathways underlying early gonadal development","volume":"62","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90211-9","article-title":"A cell-specific nuclear receptor is essential for adrenal and gonadal development and sexual differentiation","volume":"77","author":"Luo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10939","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.24.10939","article-title":"Mice deficient in the orphan receptor steroidogenic factor 1 lack adrenal glands and gonads but express P450 side-chain-cleavage enzyme in the placenta and have normal embryonic serum levels of corticosteroids","volume":"92","author":"Sadovsky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002040104","article-title":"Developmental defects of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and pituitary gonadotroph in the Ftz-F1 disrupted mice","volume":"204","author":"Shinoda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2010.09.009","article-title":"Human male infertility associated with mutations in NR5A1 encoding steroidogenic factor 1","volume":"87","author":"Bashamboo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14381","article-title":"NR5A1 c.991-1G > C splice-site variant causes familial 46,XY partial gonadal dysgenesis with incomplete penetrance","volume":"94","author":"Laan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Na, X., Mao, Y., Tang, Y., Jiang, W., Yu, J., Cao, L., and Yang, J. (2020). Identification and functional analysis of fourteen NR5A1 variants in patients with the 46 XY disorders of sex development. Gene, 760.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.145004"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13831","article-title":"Novel NR5A1 mutations found in Chinese patients with 46, XY disorders of sex development","volume":"89","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/9629","article-title":"A mutation in the gene encoding steroidogenic factor-1 causes XY sex reversal and adrenal failure in humans","volume":"22","author":"Achermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.23672","article-title":"NR5A1 gene variants repress the ovarian-specific WNT signaling pathway in 46,XX disorders of sex development patients","volume":"40","author":"Knarston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.10.011","article-title":"Analysis of NR5A1 in 142 patients with premature ovarian insufficiency, diminished ovarian reserve, or unexplained infertility","volume":"131","author":"Jaillard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y.C., Okumura, L.M., and Page, D.C. (2013). Gata4 is required for formation of the genital ridge in mice. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003629"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4627","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.19.4627","article-title":"Gonadal differentiation, sex determination and normal Sry expression in mice require direct interaction between transcription partners GATA4 and FOG2","volume":"129","author":"Tevosian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010257108","article-title":"Loss-of-function mutation in GATA4 causes anomalies of human testicular development","volume":"108","author":"Lourenco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00453-6","article-title":"Two splice variants of the Wilms\u2019 tumor 1 gene have distinct functions during sex determination and nephron formation","volume":"106","author":"Hammes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1297-467","article-title":"Donor splice-site mutations in WT1 are responsible for Frasier syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Barbaux","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.4.709","article-title":"Frasier syndrome is caused by defective alternative splicing of WT1 leading to an altered ratio of WT1 +\/-KTS splice isoforms","volume":"7","author":"Klamt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/35002622","article-title":"The LIM homeobox gene Lhx9 is essential for mouse gonad formation","volume":"403","author":"Birk","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5893","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0915","article-title":"Abnormal epithelial cell polarity and ectopic epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression induced in Emx2 KO embryonic gonads","volume":"151","author":"Kusaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.06.018","article-title":"Homeoproteins Six1 and Six4 regulate male sex determination and mouse gonadal development","volume":"26","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4095","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01266","article-title":"Disrupted gonadogenesis and male-to-female sex reversal in Pod1 knockout mice","volume":"131","author":"Cui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-3367","article-title":"Mouse Polycomb M33 is required for splenic vascular and adrenal gland formation through regulating Ad4BP\/SF1 expression","volume":"106","author":"Owaki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/31482","article-title":"Male-to-female sex reversal in M33 mutant mice","volume":"393","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"955","article-title":"Genetics of mouse growth","volume":"42","author":"Efstratiadis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/gene.10235","article-title":"Pbx1 is essential for adrenal development and urogenital differentiation","volume":"37","author":"Schnabel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1071","article-title":"The TALE homeodomain of PBX1 is involved in human primary testis-determination","volume":"40","author":"Eozenou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2005.09.024","article-title":"Odd-skipped related 1 (Odd 1) is an essential regulator of heart and urogenital development","volume":"288","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1988.0109","article-title":"Somatic and germ-cell sex in mammals","volume":"322","author":"McLaren","year":"1988","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"179","article-title":"A morphological study of testicular descent","volume":"77","author":"Wyndham","year":"1943","journal-title":"J. Anat."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.6.1603","article-title":"Expression of Sry, the mouse sex determining gene","volume":"121","author":"Hacker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.1.65","article-title":"Sry induces cell proliferation in the mouse gonad","volume":"127","author":"Schmahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900193","article-title":"FOXL2 versus SOX9: A lifelong \u201cbattle of the sexes\u201d","volume":"32","author":"Veitia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.04.017","article-title":"DMRT1 protects male gonadal cells from retinoid-dependent sexual transdifferentiation","volume":"29","author":"Minkina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1038\/342937a0","article-title":"Genetic evidence that ZFY is not the testis-determining factor","volume":"342","author":"Palmer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/346240a0","article-title":"A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif","volume":"346","author":"Sinclair","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2000.9883","article-title":"Phylogeny of the SOX family of developmental transcription factors based on sequence and structural indicators","volume":"227","author":"Bowles","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11768","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1400666111","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of mouse Sry reveals dual essential roles of the C-terminal polyglutamine tract in sex determination","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7045","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1137864100","article-title":"Defective importin beta recognition and nuclear import of the sex-determining factor SRY are associated with XY sex-reversing mutations","volume":"100","author":"Harley","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46480","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C100388200","article-title":"Human sex reversal due to impaired nuclear localization of SRY. A clinical correlation","volume":"276","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.04.048","article-title":"SRY-directed DNA bending and human sex reversal: Reassessment of a clinical mutation uncovers a global coupling between the HMG box and its tail","volume":"360","author":"Li","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s004390050557","article-title":"A novel double nucleotide substitution in the HMG box of the SRY gene associated with Swyer syndrome","volume":"100","author":"Battiloro","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.1380020504","article-title":"Mutational analysis of SRY in XY females","volume":"2","author":"Hawkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurtz, S., Lucas-Hahn, A., Schlegelberger, B., Gohring, G., Niemann, H., Mettenleiter, T.C., and Petersen, B. (2021). Knockout of the HMG domain of the porcine SRY gene causes sex reversal in gene-edited pigs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 118.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008743118"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/1526-968X(200011\/12)28:3\/4<111::AID-GENE40>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Related function of mouse SOX3, SOX9, and SRY HMG domains assayed by male sex determination","volume":"28","author":"Bergstrom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb6430","article-title":"The mouse Sry locus harbors a cryptic exon that is essential for male sex determination","volume":"370","author":"Miyawaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00307-X","article-title":"SRY, SOX9, and DAX1 expression patterns during human sex determination and gonadal development","volume":"91","author":"Hanley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamsen, L.S., Ernst, E.H., Borup, R., Larsen, A., Olesen, R.H., Ernst, E., Anderson, R.A., Kristensen, S.G., and Andersen, C.Y. (2017). Temporal expression pattern of genes during the period of sex differentiation in human embryonic gonads. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15931-3"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000332209","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of sexual development","volume":"6","author":"Parma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2012.09.016","article-title":"Gadd45gamma and Map3k4 interactions regulate mouse testis determination via p38 MAPK-mediated control of Sry expression","volume":"23","author":"Warr","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.1134","article-title":"Spatially dynamic expression of Sry in mouse genital ridges","volume":"221","author":"Bullejos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06944","article-title":"Sex determination involves synergistic action of SRY and SF1 on a specific Sox9 enhancer","volume":"453","author":"Sekido","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.07.011","article-title":"SOX9 is up-regulated by the transient expression of SRY specifically in Sertoli cell precursors","volume":"274","author":"Sekido","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/346245a0","article-title":"A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes","volume":"346","author":"Gubbay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.107052","article-title":"Switching on sex: Transcriptional regulation of the testis-determining gene Sry","volume":"141","author":"Larney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73186","article-title":"Testicular differentiation factor SF-1 is required for human spleen development","volume":"124","author":"Zangen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01087","article-title":"Functional analysis of Sox8 and Sox9 during sex determination in the mouse","volume":"131","author":"Chaboissier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/90046","article-title":"Sox9 induces testis development in XX transgenic mice","volume":"28","author":"Vidal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi133","article-title":"Sox9 is sufficient for functional testis development producing fertile male mice in the absence of Sry","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19991203)87:4<349::AID-AJMG13>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Autosomal XX sex reversal caused by duplication of SOX9","volume":"87","author":"Huang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinhart, Z., and Angers, S. (2018). Wnt signaling in development and tissue homeostasis. Development, 145.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.146589"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.078972","article-title":"WNT4 and RSPO1 together are required for cell proliferation in the early mouse gonad","volume":"139","author":"Chassot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.08.049","article-title":"Wnt4 is required for proper male as well as female sexual development","volume":"276","author":"Dandonneau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/17068","article-title":"Female development in mammals is regulated by Wnt-4 signalling","volume":"397","author":"Vainio","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.01.152","article-title":"Molecular analysis of WNT4 gene in four adolescent girls with mullerian duct abnormality and hyperandrogenism (atypical Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome)","volume":"95","author":"Philibert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040533","article-title":"A WNT4 mutation associated with Mullerian-duct regression and virilization in a 46,XX woman","volume":"351","author":"Konrad","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2008.06.006","article-title":"Human SRY inhibits beta-catenin-mediated transcription","volume":"40","author":"Bernard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.11.013","article-title":"WNT4 is expressed in human fetal and adult ovaries and its signaling contributes to ovarian cell survival","volume":"317","author":"Jaaskelainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2007.08.005","article-title":"SERKAL syndrome: An autosomal-recessive disorder caused by a loss-of-function mutation in WNT4","volume":"82","author":"Mandel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4016","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0463","article-title":"The partial female to male sex reversal in Wnt-4-deficient females involves induced expression of testosterone biosynthetic genes and testosterone production, and depends on androgen action","volume":"146","author":"Heikkila","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00591","article-title":"Endothelial and steroidogenic cell migration are regulated by WNT4 in the developing mammalian gonad","volume":"130","author":"Hoyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220275","article-title":"Wnt-4 deficiency alters mouse adrenal cortex function, reducing aldosterone production","volume":"143","author":"Heikkila","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modgep.2006.05.012","article-title":"A microarray analysis of the XX Wnt4 mutant gonad targeted at the identification of genes involved in testis vascular differentiation","volume":"7","author":"Coveney","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gene Expr. Patterns"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq027","article-title":"Wnt4\/5a signalling coordinates cell adhesion and entry into meiosis during presumptive ovarian follicle development","volume":"19","author":"Naillat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-145789","article-title":"WNT4 is required for normal ovarian follicle development and female fertility","volume":"24","author":"Boyer","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbaexp.2003.10.009","article-title":"R-spondin, a novel gene with thrombospondin type 1 domain, was expressed in the dorsal neural tube and affected in Wnts mutants","volume":"1676","author":"Kamata","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2004.07.019","article-title":"R-Spondin2 is a secreted activator of Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling and is required for Xenopus myogenesis","volume":"7","author":"Kazanskaya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2011.09.023","article-title":"Cellular signaling and biological functions of R-spondins","volume":"24","author":"Yoon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1907","article-title":"R-spondin1 is essential in sex determination, skin differentiation and malignancy","volume":"38","author":"Parma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn016","article-title":"Activation of beta-catenin signaling by Rspo1 controls differentiation of the mammalian ovary","volume":"17","author":"Chassot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1159\/000152038","article-title":"Genetics of ovarian differentiation: Rspo1, a major player","volume":"2","author":"Chassot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.20665","article-title":"Syndromic true hermaphroditism due to an R-spondin1 (RSPO1) homozygous mutation","volume":"29","author":"Tomaselli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/s11248-009-9247-2","article-title":"Goat RSPO1 over-expression rescues sex-reversal in Rspo1-knockout XX mice but does not perturb testis differentiation in XY or sex-reversed XX mice","volume":"18","author":"Buscara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transgenic Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1159\/000485393","article-title":"A Novel Homozygous Missense Mutation in the FU-CRD2 Domain of the R-spondin1 Gene Associated with Familial 46,XX DSD","volume":"11","author":"Naasse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddn036","article-title":"R-spondin1 plays an essential role in ovarian development through positively regulating Wnt-4 signaling","volume":"17","author":"Tomizuka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomaselli, S., Megiorni, F., Lin, L., Mazzilli, M.C., Gerrelli, D., Majore, S., Grammatico, P., and Achermann, J.C. (2011). Human RSPO1\/R-spondin1 is expressed during early ovary development and augments beta-catenin signaling. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016366"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, A., Wu, T., Cai, C., Song, W., Wang, J., Yu, Q.C., and Zeng, Y.A. (2020). A novel function of R-spondin1 in regulating estrogen receptor expression independent of Wnt\/beta-catenin signaling. eLife, 9.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56434"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chassot, A.A., Gregoire, E.P., Lavery, R., Taketo, M.M., de Rooij, D.G., Adams, I.R., and Chaboissier, M.C. (2011). RSPO1\/beta-catenin signaling pathway regulates oogonia differentiation and entry into meiosis in the mouse fetal ovary. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025641"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.11.098","article-title":"The role of R-spondin 1 through activating Wnt\/beta-catenin in the growth, survival and migration of ovarian cancer cells","volume":"689","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.00969","article-title":"The murine winged-helix transcription factor Foxl2 is required for granulosa cell differentiation and ovary maintenance","volume":"131","author":"Schmidt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.11.021","article-title":"Somatic sex reprogramming of adult ovaries to testes by FOXL2 ablation","volume":"139","author":"Uhlenhaut","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-246108","article-title":"FOXL2 transcriptionally represses Sf1 expression by antagonizing WT1 during ovarian development in mice","volume":"28","author":"Takasawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2013.12.039","article-title":"FOXL2 is a female sex-determining gene in the goat","volume":"24","author":"Boulanger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm235","article-title":"Loss of Wnt4 and Foxl2 leads to female-to-male sex reversal extending to germ cells","volume":"16","author":"Ottolenghi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1159\/000334517","article-title":"Loss of R-spondin1 and Foxl2 amplifies female-to-male sex reversal in XX mice","volume":"5","author":"Auguste","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1763","article-title":"FOXL2 is involved in the synergy between activin and progestins on the follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit promoter","volume":"153","author":"Ghochani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0425","article-title":"FoxL2 Is required for activin induction of the mouse and human follicle-stimulating hormone beta-subunit genes","volume":"24","author":"Corpuz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Herndon, M.K., and Nilson, J.H. (2015). Maximal expression of Foxl2 in pituitary gonadotropes requires ovarian hormones. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126527"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eozenou, C., Lesage-Padilla, A., Mauffre, V., Healey, G.D., Camous, S., Bolifraud, P., Giraud-Delville, C., Vaiman, D., Shimizu, T., and Miyamoto, A. (2020). FOXL2 is a Progesterone Target Gene in the Endometrium of Ruminants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041478"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-1141","article-title":"Forkhead l2 is expressed in the ovary and represses the promoter activity of the steroidogenic acute regulatory gene","volume":"145","author":"Pisarska","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georges, A., L\u2019Hote, D., Todeschini, A.L., Auguste, A., Legois, B., Zider, A., and Veitia, R.A. (2014). The transcription factor FOXL2 mobilizes estrogen signaling to maintain the identity of ovarian granulosa cells. eLife, 3.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.04207"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.02.024","article-title":"WNT\/beta-catenin and p27\/FOXL2 differentially regulate supporting cell proliferation in the developing ovary","volume":"412","author":"Gustin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv061","article-title":"Role of Foxl2 in uterine maturation and function","volume":"24","author":"Bellessort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/84781","article-title":"The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis\/ptosis\/epicanthus inversus syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Crisponi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm373","article-title":"Differential aggregation and functional impairment induced by polyalanine expansions in FOXL2, a transcription factor involved in cranio-facial and ovarian development","volume":"17","author":"Moumne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3324","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp273","article-title":"Towards a functional classification of pathogenic FOXL2 mutations using transactivation reporter systems","volume":"18","author":"Dipietromaria","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0902542","article-title":"Mutation of FOXL2 in granulosa-cell tumors of the ovary","volume":"360","author":"Shah","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2011-0355-OA","article-title":"FOXL2 mutations in granulosa cell tumors occurring in males","volume":"136","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0b013e3182039ef2","article-title":"Mutational analysis (c.402C>G) of the FOXL2 gene and immunohistochemical expression of the FOXL2 protein in testicular adult type granulosa cell tumors and incompletely differentiated sex cord stromal tumors","volume":"19","author":"Hes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001232","article-title":"DICER1 and FOXL2 Mutation Status Correlates With Clinicopathologic Features in Ovarian Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors","volume":"43","author":"Karnezis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e31820a406c","article-title":"FOXL2 is a sensitive and specific marker for sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary","volume":"35","author":"Huwait","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21146","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic effects in sex determination","volume":"108","author":"Gunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res. Part C Embryo Today Rev."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239864","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of mouse sex determination by the histone demethylase Jmjd1a","volume":"341","author":"Kuroki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab083","article-title":"MAP3K4 kinase activity dependent control of mouse gonadal sex determinationdagger","volume":"105","author":"Shendy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnen, H., Gonzalez-Silva, L., Carramolino, L., Flores, J.M., Torres, M., and Salvador, J.M. (2013). Gadd45g is essential for primary sex determination, male fertility and testis development. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058751"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10030","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.66819","article-title":"hnRNPU in Sertoli cells cooperates with WT1 and is essential for testicular development by modulating transcriptional factors Sox8\/9","volume":"11","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi014","article-title":"AMH and AMH receptor defects in persistent Mullerian duct syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Josso","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"94","article-title":"SF1 in the development of the adrenal gland and gonads","volume":"59","author":"Ozisik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2007.04.040","article-title":"The regulation of Sox9 gene expression by the GATA4\/FOG2 transcriptional complex in dominant XX sex reversal mouse models","volume":"307","author":"Manuylov","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10553","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M609578200","article-title":"SOX9 regulates prostaglandin D synthase gene transcription in vivo to ensure testis development","volume":"282","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R49","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0381","article-title":"Multiple roles of the prostaglandin D2 signaling pathway in reproduction","volume":"149","author":"Rossitto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"44","article-title":"Wt1 directs the lineage specification of sertoli and granulosa cells by repressing Sf1 expression","volume":"144","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13459","article-title":"A 46,XX testicular disorder of sex development caused by a Wilms\u2019 tumour Factor-1 (WT1) pathogenic variant","volume":"95","author":"Gomes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921676117","article-title":"Testis formation in XX individuals resulting from novel pathogenic variants in Wilms\u2019 tumor 1 (WT1) gene","volume":"117","author":"Eozenou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhandari, R.K., Sadler-Riggleman, I., Clement, T.M., and Skinner, M.K. (2011). Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor TCF21 is a downstream target of the male sex determining gene SRY. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0019935"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1055","article-title":"Cbx2, a polycomb group gene, is required for Sry gene expression in mice","volume":"153","author":"Miyabayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pitetti, J.L., Calvel, P., Romero, Y., Conne, B., Truong, V., Papaioannou, M.D., Schaad, O., Docquier, M., Herrera, P.L., and Wilhelm, D. (2013). Insulin and IGF1 receptors are essential for XX and XY gonadal differentiation and adrenal development in mice. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003160"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgez, C.J., Seth, A., Wilken, N., Bournat, J.C., Chen, C.H., and Lamb, D.J. (2021). E2F1 regulates testicular descent and controls spermatogenesis by influencing WNT4 signaling. Development, 148.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.191189"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.06.009","article-title":"Testis development requires the repression of Wnt4 by Fgf signaling","volume":"370","author":"Jameson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3832","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00674","article-title":"Testis Determination Requires a Specific FGFR2 Isoform to Repress FOXL2","volume":"158","author":"Bird","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20042","article-title":"Follistatin operates downstream of Wnt4 in mammalian ovary organogenesis","volume":"230","author":"Yao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1086\/320125","article-title":"Up-regulation of WNT-4 signaling and dosage-sensitive sex reversal in humans","volume":"68","author":"Jordan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0636","article-title":"FOXL2 and BMP2 act cooperatively to regulate follistatin gene expression during ovarian development","volume":"152","author":"Kashimada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.01.034","article-title":"Sexual cell-fate reprogramming in the ovary by DMRT1","volume":"25","author":"Lindeman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_157","first-page":"68","article-title":"Clonal analysis of the origin of primordial germ cells in the mouse","volume":"165","author":"Lawson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Germline Dev."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.110.2.521","article-title":"Primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo during gastrulation","volume":"110","author":"Ginsburg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.4.424","article-title":"Bmp4 is required for the generation of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo","volume":"13","author":"Lawson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7858","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.151242798","article-title":"Induction of primordial germ cells from murine epiblasts by synergistic action of BMP4 and BMP8B signaling pathways","volume":"98","author":"Ying","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2001.0173","article-title":"Cooperation of endoderm-derived BMP2 and extraembryonic ectoderm-derived BMP4 in primordial germ cell generation in the mouse","volume":"232","author":"Ying","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.224503","article-title":"Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 function","volume":"17","author":"Avilion","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1392","article-title":"Essential role of Sox2 for the establishment and maintenance of the germ cell line","volume":"31","author":"Campolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.12.013","article-title":"SOX17 is a critical specifier of human primordial germ cell fate","volume":"160","author":"Irie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.05.015","article-title":"The Transcriptome and DNA Methylome Landscapes of Human Primordial Germ Cells","volume":"161","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9895","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29805","article-title":"P53 and H3K4me2 activate N6-methylated LncPGCAT-1 to regulate primordial germ cell formation via MAPK signaling","volume":"235","author":"Zuo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-20-0313","article-title":"Similarities between bovine and human germline development revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"161","author":"Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.03.014","article-title":"A signaling principle for the specification of the germ cell lineage in mice","volume":"137","author":"Ohinata","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03813","article-title":"Blimp1 is a critical determinant of the germ cell lineage in mice","volume":"436","author":"Ohinata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.07.108","article-title":"Repression of Somatic Genes by Selective Recruitment of HDAC3 by BLIMP1 Is Essential for Mouse Primordial Germ Cell Fate Determination","volume":"24","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1853","article-title":"Sall4 is essential for mouse primordial germ cell specification by suppressing somatic cell program genes","volume":"33","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08210","article-title":"A role for Lin28 in primordial germ-cell development and germ-cell malignancy","volume":"460","author":"West","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.186","article-title":"Critical function of Prdm14 for the establishment of the germ cell lineage in mice","volume":"40","author":"Yamaji","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15042-0","article-title":"A critical role of PRDM14 in human primordial germ cell fate revealed by inducible degrons","volume":"11","author":"Sybirna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.11.001","article-title":"A mesodermal factor, T, specifies mouse germ cell fate by directly activating germline determinants","volume":"27","author":"Aramaki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.078717","article-title":"Critical function of AP-2 gamma\/TCFAP2C in mouse embryonic germ cell maintenance","volume":"82","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.18.3609","article-title":"Mouse embryos lacking Smad1 signals display defects in extra-embryonic tissues and germ cell formation","volume":"128","author":"Tremblay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(01)00367-7","article-title":"Smad5 is required for mouse primordial germ cell development","volume":"104","author":"Chang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mochizuki, K., Tando, Y., Sekinaka, T., Otsuka, K., Hayashi, Y., Kobayashi, H., Kamio, A., Ito-Matsuoka, Y., Takehara, A., and Kono, T. (2018). SETDB1 is essential for mouse primordial germ cell fate determination by ensuring BMP signaling. Development, 145.","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.164160"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nady, N., Gupta, A., Ma, Z., Swigut, T., Koide, A., Koide, S., and Wysocka, J. (2015). ETO family protein Mtgr1 mediates Prdm14 functions in stem cell maintenance and primordial germ cell formation. eLife, 4.","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10150"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2019.07.008","article-title":"Esrrb function is required for proper primordial germ cell development in presomite stage mouse embryos","volume":"455","author":"Okamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-018-0094-3","article-title":"A PAX5-OCT4-PRDM1 developmental switch specifies human primordial germ cells","volume":"20","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0557-2","article-title":"Interaction of the primordial germ cell-specific protein C2EIP with PTCH2 directs differentiation of embryonic stem cells via HH signaling activation","volume":"9","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(82)90393-7","article-title":"Isolation of mouse primordial germ cells","volume":"142","author":"McLaren","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00253-3","article-title":"Long-term culture and characterization of goat primordial germ cells","volume":"53","author":"Kuhholzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.20020","article-title":"Isolation and culture of rabbit primordial germ cells","volume":"54","author":"Kakegawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-013-9695-0","article-title":"Isolation, culture, and characterization of primordial germ cells in Mongolian sheep","volume":"50","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0289","article-title":"Isolation of primordial germ cells from differentiating human embryonic stem cells","volume":"26","author":"Tilgner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_189","first-page":"121","article-title":"In vitro differentiation of primordial germ cells and oocyte-like cells from stem cells","volume":"33","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murase, Y., Yabuta, Y., Ohta, H., Yamashiro, C., Nakamura, T., Yamamoto, T., and Saitou, M. (2020). Long-term expansion with germline potential of human primordial germ cell-like cells in vitro. EMBO J., 39.","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2020104929"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9021","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603817113","article-title":"Complete in vitro generation of fertile oocytes from mouse primordial germ cells","volume":"113","author":"Morohaku","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226889","article-title":"Offspring from oocytes derived from in vitro primordial germ cell-like cells in mice","volume":"338","author":"Hayashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.12.011","article-title":"The TFAP2C-Regulated OCT4 Naive Enhancer Is Involved in Human Germline Formation","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.11.083","article-title":"Human Primordial Germ Cells Are Specified from Lineage-Primed Progenitors","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"404","article-title":"Multipotent SSEA1 Positive Cells Population Differentiation into Primordial Germ Cells and Subsequently Progress into Oocyte-like Cells","volume":"18","author":"Ghasemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Iran. Med."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mall, E.M., Lecanda, A., Drexler, H., Raz, E., Scholer, H.R., and Schlatt, S. (2021). Heading towards a dead end: The role of DND1 in germ line differentiation of human iPSCs. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0258427"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15381.1","article-title":"Testing the role of SOX15 in human primordial germ cell fate","volume":"4","author":"Pierson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdyyev, V.K., Sant, D.W., Kiseleva, E.V., Spangenberg, V.E., Kolomiets, O.L., Andrade, N.S., Dashinimaev, E.B., Vorotelyak, E.A., and Vasiliev, A.V. (2020). In vitro derived female hPGCLCs are unable to complete meiosis in embryoid bodies. Exp. Cell Res., 397.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2020.112358"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2008-0124","article-title":"Enrichment and differentiation of human germ-like cells mediated by feeder cells and basic fibroblast growth factor signaling","volume":"26","author":"West","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.13","article-title":"Derivation of primordial germ cells from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells is significantly improved by coculture with human fetal gonadal cells","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02247","article-title":"Derivation of embryonic germ cells and male gametes from embryonic stem cells","volume":"427","author":"Geijsen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.09.002","article-title":"Retinoic acid promotes the proliferation of primordial germ cell-like cells differentiated from mouse skin-derived stem cells in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7814","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13958","article-title":"CHIR99021 combined with retinoic acid promotes the differentiation of primordial germ cells from human embryonic stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e560","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.560","article-title":"The proliferation role of LH on porcine primordial germ cell-like cells (pPGCLCs) through ceRNA network construction","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_205","first-page":"294","article-title":"Mir-106b Cluster Regulates Primordial Germ Cells Differentiation from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells","volume":"23","author":"Mahboudi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell J."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.7555\/JBR.34.20190160","article-title":"alpha-ketoglutarate promotes the specialization of primordial germ cell-like cells through regulating epigenetic reprogramming","volume":"35","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5072761","article-title":"Modulation of adhesion microenvironment using mesh substrates triggers self-organization and primordial germ cell-like differentiation in mouse ES cells","volume":"3","author":"Ando","year":"2019","journal-title":"APL Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97013","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8196","article-title":"Examining the Developmental Trajectory of an in Vitro Model of Mouse Primordial Germ Cells following Exposure to Environmentally Relevant Bisphenol A Levels","volume":"129","author":"Ooi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.05.007","article-title":"Integrative Analysis of the Acquisition of Pluripotency in PGCs Reveals the Mutually Exclusive Roles of Blimp-1 and AKT Signaling","volume":"5","author":"Nagamatsu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/dgd.12621","article-title":"Shortened G1 phase of cell cycle and decreased histone H3K27 methylation are associated with AKT-induced enhancement of primordial germ cell reprogramming","volume":"61","author":"Takehara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev. Growth Differ."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.07.006","article-title":"PGC Reversion to Pluripotency Involves Erasure of DNA Methylation from Imprinting Control Centers followed by Locus-Specific Re-methylation","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2015.0100","article-title":"Direct Reprogramming of Human Primordial Germ Cells into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Efficient Generation of Genetically Engineered Germ Cells","volume":"24","author":"Bazley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-475738138120140213","article-title":"The ability of mouse nuclear transfer embryonic stem cells to differentiate into primordial germ cells","volume":"38","author":"Mansouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/15476278.2017.1323162","article-title":"Endometriosis origin from primordial germ cells","volume":"13","author":"Makiyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Organogenesis"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.041833km","article-title":"Primordial germ cell migration","volume":"48","author":"Molyneaux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2815","article-title":"Mechanisms guiding primordial germ cell migration: Strategies from different organisms","volume":"11","author":"Richardson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31973-5_2","article-title":"The Formation and Migration of Primordial Germ Cells in Mouse and Man","volume":"Volume 58","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Differentiation in Gonad Development"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4688","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00272-08","article-title":"Normal germ line establishment in mice carrying a deletion of the Ifitm\/Fragilis gene family cluster","volume":"28","author":"Lange","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2016.07.013","article-title":"Msx1 and Msx2 function together in the regulation of primordial germ cell migration in the mouse","volume":"417","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laird, D.J., Altshuler-Keylin, S., Kissner, M.D., Zhou, X., and Anderson, K.V. (2011). Ror2 enhances polarity and directional migration of primordial germ cells. PLoS Genet., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002428"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-14-0649","article-title":"NUP50 is necessary for the survival of primordial germ cells in mouse embryos","volume":"151","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09052-w","article-title":"Genetic dissection of Nodal and Bmp signalling requirements during primordial germ cell development in mouse","volume":"10","author":"Senft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2108\/zs160198","article-title":"Xenopus Vasa Homolog XVLG1 is Essential for Migration and Survival of Primordial Germ Cells","volume":"34","author":"Shimaoka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2018.05.001","article-title":"Geldanamycin administration reduces the amount of primordial germ cells in the mouse embryo","volume":"102","author":"Lejong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Morphologie"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.115.133256","article-title":"Persistent Requirement and Alteration of the Key Targets of PRDM1 During Primordial Germ Cell Development in Mice","volume":"94","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15897-3","article-title":"Ptch2\/Gas1 and Ptch1\/Boc differentially regulate Hedgehog signalling in murine primordial germ cell migration","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-019-0284-7","article-title":"PRDM14 controls X-chromosomal and global epigenetic reprogramming of H3K27me3 in migrating mouse primordial germ cells","volume":"12","author":"Mallol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2004.09.012","article-title":"Stem cell factor and c-Kit in human primordial germ cells and fetal ovaries","volume":"234","author":"Hoyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaq052","article-title":"Human primordial germ cells migrate along nerve fibers and Schwann cells from the dorsal hind gut mesentery to the gonadal ridge","volume":"16","author":"Mollgard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-18-0401","article-title":"Primordial germ cells do not migrate along nerve fibres in marmoset monkey and mouse embryos","volume":"157","author":"Wolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.22901","article-title":"MCM9 deficiency delays primordial germ cell proliferation independent of the ATM pathway","volume":"53","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2014.10.003","article-title":"PRMT5 protects genomic integrity during global DNA demethylation in primordial germ cells and preimplantation embryos","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.341602.120","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic DNA damage responses and mutation avoidance in the mouse germline","volume":"34","author":"Bloom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201511061","article-title":"Discrete somatic niches coordinate proliferation and migration of primordial germ cells via Wnt signaling","volume":"214","author":"Cantu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16052","DOI":"10.1038\/celldisc.2016.52","article-title":"MASTL is essential for anaphase entry of proliferating primordial germ cells and establishment of female germ cells in mice","volume":"3","author":"Risal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2015.1127473","article-title":"Fatty acid degradation plays an essential role in proliferation of mouse female primordial germ cells via the p53-dependent cell cycle regulation","volume":"15","author":"Teng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2019-141","article-title":"Expression and possible roles of extracellular signal-related kinases 1\u20132 (ERK1\u20132) in mouse primordial germ cell development","volume":"66","author":"Sorrenti","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.143941","article-title":"Dose-dependent functions of fibroblast growth factor 9 regulate the fate of murine XY primordial germ cells","volume":"96","author":"Ulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-16-0022","article-title":"Critical role of Emx2 in the pluripotency-differentiation transition in male gonocytes via regulation of FGF9\/NODAL pathway","volume":"151","author":"Bi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y.C., Nicholls, P.K., Soh, Y.Q., Daniele, J.R., Junker, J.P., van Oudenaarden, A., and Page, D.C. (2015). Licensing of primordial germ cells for gametogenesis depends on genital ridge signaling. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005019"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661243","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.661243","article-title":"Ligand-Receptor Interactions Elucidate Sex-Specific Pathways in the Trajectory From Primordial Germ Cells to Gonia During Human Development","volume":"9","author":"Overeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2017.04.010","article-title":"Constitutive WNT\/CTNNB1 activation triggers spermatogonial stem cell proliferation and germ cell depletion","volume":"426","author":"Chassot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023376118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2023376118","article-title":"Arrest of WNT\/beta-catenin signaling enables the transition from pluripotent to differentiated germ cells in mouse ovaries","volume":"118","author":"Massa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23327","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.23327","article-title":"Retinoic acid signaling in regulation of meiosis during embryonic development in mice","volume":"57","author":"Yadu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.057968","article-title":"Opposing effects of retinoic acid and FGF9 on Nanos2 expression and meiotic entry of mouse germ cells","volume":"123","author":"Barrios","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1612708","article-title":"Nanos2 suppresses meiosis and promotes male germ cell differentiation","volume":"22","author":"Suzuki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.119446","article-title":"SMAD2 and p38 signaling pathways act in concert to determine XY primordial germ cell fate in mice","volume":"142","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-020-1762-2","article-title":"Proteome landscape and spatial map of mouse primordial germ cells","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2422","article-title":"Characterization of the Epigenetic Changes During Human Gonadal Primordial Germ Cells Reprogramming","volume":"34","author":"Eguizabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.04.053","article-title":"A Unique Gene Regulatory Network Resets the Human Germline Epigenome for Development","volume":"161","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00012","article-title":"PRDM14 Is a Unique Epigenetic Regulator Stabilizing Transcriptional Networks for Pluripotency","volume":"6","author":"Seki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25964","article-title":"Epigenetic reprogramming enables the transition from primordial germ cell to gonocyte","volume":"555","author":"Hill","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03538-8","article-title":"SWI\/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is required for initiation of sex-dependent differentiation in mouse germline","volume":"11","author":"Ito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev175950","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.175950","article-title":"The RNA-binding protein DND1 acts sequentially as a negative regulator of pluripotency and a positive regulator of epigenetic modifiers required for germ cell reprogramming","volume":"146","author":"Ruthig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_255","first-page":"1","article-title":"Inhibition of PKCepsilon induces primordial germ cell reprogramming into pluripotency by HIF1&2 upregulation and histone acetylation","volume":"10","author":"Moratilla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.062869.117","article-title":"MicroRNA dynamics at the onset of primordial germ and somatic cell sex differentiation during mouse embryonic gonad development","volume":"24","author":"Larriba","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boyer, A., Yeh, J.R., Zhang, X., Paquet, M., Gaudin, A., Nagano, M.C., and Boerboom, D. (2012). CTNNB1 signaling in sertoli cells downregulates spermatogonial stem cell activity via WNT4. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029764"},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C.F., Parker, K., and Yao, H.H. (2010). WNT4\/beta-catenin pathway maintains female germ cell survival by inhibiting activin betaB in the mouse fetal ovary. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010382"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/14\/7500\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:43:36Z","timestamp":1760139816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/14\/7500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"references-count":258,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23147500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23147500","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]}}}