{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:43:07Z","timestamp":1790062987084,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-06-2016-2575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-06-2016-2575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["021-2160528-0507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021-2160528-0507"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports of the Republic of Croatia","award":["IP-06-2016-2575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-06-2016-2575"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports of the Republic of Croatia","award":["021-2160528-0507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["021-2160528-0507"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During human kidney development, cells of the proximal nephron gradually differentiate into podocytes and parietal epithelial cells (PECs). Podocytes are terminally differentiated cells that play a key role in both normal and pathological kidney function. Therefore, the potential of podocytes to regenerate or be replaced by other cell populations (PECs) is of great interest for the possible treatment of kidney diseases. In the present study, we analyzed the proliferation and differentiation capabilities of podocytes and PECs, changes in the expression pattern of nestin, and several early proteins including WNT4, Notch2, and Snail, as well as Ki-67, in tissues of developing, postnatal, and pathologically changed human kidneys by using immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Developing PECs showed a higher proliferation rate than podocytes, whereas nestin expression characterized only podocytes and pathologically changed kidneys. In the developing kidneys, WNT4 and Notch2 expression increased moderately in podocytes and strongly in PECs, whereas Snail increased only in PECs in the later fetal period. During human kidney development, WNT4, Notch2, and Snail are involved in early nephrogenesis control. In kidneys affected by congenital nephrotic syndrome of the Finnish type (CNF) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), WNT4 decreased in both cell populations, whereas Notch2 decreased in FSGS. In contrast, Snail increased both in CNF and FSGS, whereas Notch2 increased only in CNF. Electron microscopy revealed cytoplasmic processes spanning the urinary space between the podocytes and PECs in developing and healthy postnatal kidneys, whereas the CNF and FSGS kidneys were characterized by numerous cellular bridges containing cells with strong expression of nestin and all analyzed proteins. Our results indicate that the mechanisms of gene control in nephrogenesis are reactivated under pathological conditions. These mechanisms could have a role in restoring glomerular integrity by potentially inducing the regeneration of podocytes from PECs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]],"date-time":"2022-07-06T09:41:10Z","timestamp":1657100470000},"page":"7501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Differences in Immunohistochemical and Ultrastructural Features between Podocytes and Parietal Epithelial Cells (PECs) Are Observed in Developing, Healthy Postnatal, and Pathologically Changed Human Kidneys"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3801-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marin","family":"Ogorevc","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivona","family":"Kosovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalija","family":"Filipovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3868-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Bocina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Juric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Benzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Snjezana","family":"Mardesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2182-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Vukojevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marijan","family":"Saraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital in Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1451-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Kablar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirna","family":"Saraga-Babic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4773(99)00323-8","article-title":"Kidney morphogenesis: Cellular and molecular regulation","volume":"92","author":"Kuure","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mech. 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