{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T09:04:52Z","timestamp":1790759092884,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":323,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]],"date-time":"2022-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS)","award":["32729160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32729160"]}]},{"name":"the National Fund for Scientific Research (F.R.S.-FNRS)","award":["40001034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40001034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract that encompass two main phenotypes, namely Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis. These conditions occur in genetically predisposed individuals in response to environmental factors. Epigenetics, acting by DNA methylation, post-translational histones modifications or by non-coding RNAs, could explain how the exposome (or all environmental influences over the life course, from conception to death) could influence the gene expression to contribute to intestinal inflammation. We performed a scoping search using Medline to identify all the elements of the exposome that may play a role in intestinal inflammation through epigenetic modifications, as well as the underlying mechanisms. The environmental factors epigenetically influencing the occurrence of intestinal inflammation are the maternal lifestyle (mainly diet, the occurrence of infection during pregnancy and smoking); breastfeeding; microbiota; diet (including a low-fiber diet, high-fat diet and deficiency in micronutrients); smoking habits, vitamin D and drugs (e.g., IBD treatments, antibiotics and probiotics). Influenced by both microbiota and diet, short-chain fatty acids are gut microbiota-derived metabolites resulting from the anaerobic fermentation of non-digestible dietary fibers, playing an epigenetically mediated role in the integrity of the epithelial barrier and in the defense against invading microorganisms. Although the impact of some environmental factors has been identified, the exposome-induced epimutations in IBD remain a largely underexplored field. How these environmental exposures induce epigenetic modifications (in terms of duration, frequency and the timing at which they occur) and how other environmental factors associated with IBD modulate epigenetics deserve to be further investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,10]],"date-time":"2022-07-10T22:48:00Z","timestamp":1657493280000},"page":"7611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Impact of the Exposome on the Epigenome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients and Animal Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1859-7146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Vieujean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepato-Gastroenterology and Digestive Oncology, University Hospital CHU of Li\u00e8ge, 4000 Liege, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e9n\u00e9dicte","family":"Caron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology NGERE (INSERM U1256), Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine, Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, F-54052 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Haghnejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology NGERE (INSERM U1256), Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine, Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, F-54052 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2429-945X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Jouzeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research), Laboratoire IMoPA, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Netter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research), Laboratoire IMoPA, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Charlotte","family":"Heba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NGERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Exposure to Environmental Risks), National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ndeye Coumba","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NGERE (Nutrition-Genetics and Exposure to Environmental Risks), National Institute of Health and Medical Research, University of Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6619-5769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Moulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research), Laboratoire IMoPA, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7777-4712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS (French National Centre for Scientific Research), Laboratoire IMoPA, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, UMR 7365, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany"},{"name":"International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Universidad de la Salud del Estado de Puebla, Puebla 72000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Danese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele and University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Peyrin-Biroulet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology NGERE (INSERM U1256), Nancy University Hospital, University of Lorraine, Vand\u0153uvre-l\u00e8s-Nancy, F-54052 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i30.4807","article-title":"Etiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"12","author":"Danese","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J. 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