{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:00:58Z","timestamp":1780081258068,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Celiac disease (CD) comprises over 1% of the world\u2019s population and is a chronic multisystem immune-mediated condition manifested by digestive and\/or extradigestive symptoms caused by food intake of gluten. This review looked at the risk of children diagnosed with CD developing SARS-CoV-2 infection and possible severe forms of COVID-19. A better understanding of the interaction and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CD is very important, as is the role of environmental and genetic factors, but especially the molecular mechanisms involved in modulating intestinal permeability with impact on autoimmunity. CD inspired the testing of a zonulin antagonist for the fulminant form of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) and paved the way for the discovery of new molecules to regulate the small intestine barrier function and immune responses. Original published works on COVID-19 and CD, new data and points of view have been analyzed because this dangerous virus SARS-CoV-2 is still here and yet influencing our lives. Medical science continues to focus on all uncertainties triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and its consequences, including in CD. Although the COVID-19 pandemic seems to be gradually extinguishing, there is a wealth of information and knowledge gained over the last two years and important life lessons to analyze, as well as relevant conclusions to be drawn to deal with future pandemics. Zonulin is being studied extensively in immunoengineering as an adjuvant to improving the absorption of new drugs and oral vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T22:06:00Z","timestamp":1657749960000},"page":"7719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Celiac Disease and Targeting the Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmunity in COVID Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8067-5184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Marinela","family":"Ailioaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Ailioaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, 11 Carol I Boulevard, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6287-0130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerhard","family":"Litscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Biomedical Engineering in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Research Unit for Complementary and Integrative Laser Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Research Center Graz, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 39, 8036 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dragos Andrei","family":"Chiran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences I, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii St., 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12941-021-00438-7","article-title":"COVID-19: Breaking down a global health crisis","volume":"20","author":"Mallah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Microbiol. Antimicrob."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.10.009","article-title":"The Risk of Contracting COVID-19 Is Not Increased in Patients With Celiac Disease","volume":"19","author":"Zhen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2022, May 12). Naming the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and the Virus That Causes It. 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