{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T04:46:49Z","timestamp":1784609209405,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]],"date-time":"2022-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","award":["2017-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-2022"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, and the Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, and the Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, and the Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital Foundation","award":["2017-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-2022"]}]},{"name":"Lois Hole Hospital for Women through the Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Lois Hole Hospital for Women through the Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Lois Hole Hospital for Women through the Women and Children\u2019s Health Research Institute","award":["2017-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-2022"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Funding for Hubei University of Technology","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Funding for Hubei University of Technology","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Funding for Hubei University of Technology","award":["2017-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-2022"]}]},{"name":"\u00d6sterreichische Krebshilfe Tyrol","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"\u00d6sterreichische Krebshilfe Tyrol","award":["2096"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2096"]}]},{"name":"\u00d6sterreichische Krebshilfe Tyrol","award":["2017-2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Biliary atresia (BA) is a progressive fibro-obliterative process with a variable degree of inflammation involving the hepatobiliary system. Its consequences are incalculable for the patients, the affected families, relatives, and the healthcare system. Scientific communities have identified a rate of about 1 case per 10,000\u201320,000 live births, but the percentage may be higher, considering the late diagnoses. The etiology is heterogeneous. BA, which is considered in half of the causes leading to orthotopic liver transplantation, occurs in primates and non-primates. To consolidate any model, (1) more transport and cell membrane studies are needed to identify the exact mechanism of noxa-related hepatotoxicity; (2) an online platform may be key to share data from pilot projects and new techniques; and (3) the introduction of differentially expressed genes may be useful in investigating the liver metabolism to target the most intricate bilio-toxic effects of pharmaceutical drugs and toxins. As a challenge, such methodologies are still limited to very few centers, making the identification of highly functional animal models like finding a \u201cneedle in a haystack\u201d. This review compiles models from the haystack and hopes that a combinatorial search will eventually be the root for a successful pathway.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,17]],"date-time":"2022-07-17T22:57:06Z","timestamp":1658098626000},"page":"7838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biliary Atresia Animal Models: Is the Needle in a Haystack?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Nutan","family":"Pal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parijat S.","family":"Joy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2779-7879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Consolato M.","family":"Sergi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomic Pathology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, Stollery Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2B7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(00)00065-7","article-title":"The remodeling of the primitive human biliary system","volume":"58","author":"Sergi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.050","article-title":"Spatial and temporal dynamics of innervation during the development of fetal human pancreas","volume":"154","author":"Amella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radu-Ionita, F., Pyrsopoulos, N.T., Jinga, M., Tintoiu, I.C., Sun, Z., and Bontas, E. (2020). The Paucity of Interlobular Bile Ducts. 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