{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:17:45Z","timestamp":1792804665024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":145,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rio de Janeiro Research Foundation\u2014FAPERJ"},{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02ddkpn78","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and other forms of dementia was ranked 3rd in both the Americas and Europe in 2019 in a World Health Organization (WHO) publication listing the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Copper (Cu) imbalance has been reported in AD and increasing evidence suggests metal imbalance, including molybdenum (Mo), as a potential link with AD occurrence.We conducted an extensive literature review of the last 60 years of research on AD and its relationship with Cu, sulfur (S), and Mo at out of range levels.Weanalyzed the interactions among metallic elements\u2019 metabolisms;Cu and Mo are biological antagonists, Mo is a sulfite oxidase and xanthine oxidase co-factor, and their low activities impair S metabolism and reduce uric acid, respectively. We found significant evidence in the literature of a new potential mechanism linking Cu imbalance to Mo and S abnormalities in AD etiology: under certain circumstances, the accumulation of Cu not bound to ceruloplasmin might affect the transport of Mo outside the blood vessels, causing a mild Mo deficiency that might lowerthe activity of Mo and S enzymes essential for neuronal activity. The current review provides an updated discussion of the plausible mechanisms combining Cu, S, and Mo alterations in AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23147935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T05:37:53Z","timestamp":1658209073000},"page":"7935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Is There a Connection between the Metabolism of Copper, Sulfur, and Molybdenum in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? New Insights on Disease Etiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7037-8864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Cunha","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Fitotecnia (LFIT), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro\u2014UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8606-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giselle","family":"Cerchiaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, Bl. B, Santo Andr\u00e9 09210-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8359-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila Esp\u00edrito Santo","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro\u2014UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Lima","family":"Daher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Patologia, Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Ant\u00f4nio Pedro, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter\u00f3i 24210-350, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia Almeida","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina e Enfermagem (DEM), Universidade Federal de Vi\u00e7osa, Vi\u00e7osa 36579-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3207-2300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Fialho","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Maca\u00e9 27930-560, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur Giraldi","family":"Guimar\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro\u2014UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019). 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