{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:49:31Z","timestamp":1792154971863,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent of Guangdong TeZhi Plan","award":["2019TQ05N770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TQ05N770"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent of Guangdong TeZhi Plan","award":["2019B020210003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020210003"]}]},{"name":"Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent of Guangdong TeZhi Plan","award":["20173326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20173326"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Area Research and Development Program","award":["2019TQ05N770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TQ05N770"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Area Research and Development Program","award":["2019B020210003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020210003"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Key Area Research and Development Program","award":["20173326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20173326"]}]},{"name":"Construction Plan of Guangdong Province High-level Universities and the Research Start-up Funds for the High-level Talent Introduction Project of South China Agricultural University","award":["2019TQ05N770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019TQ05N770"]}]},{"name":"Construction Plan of Guangdong Province High-level Universities and the Research Start-up Funds for the High-level Talent Introduction Project of South China Agricultural University","award":["2019B020210003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019B020210003"]}]},{"name":"Construction Plan of Guangdong Province High-level Universities and the Research Start-up Funds for the High-level Talent Introduction Project of South China Agricultural University","award":["20173326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20173326"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol A (BPA) is a globally utilized industrial chemical and is commonly used as a monomer of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Recent research reveals that BPA could cause potential adverse biological effects and liver dysfunction. However, the underlying mechanisms of BPA-induced hepatoxicity and gut dysbiosis remain unclear and deserve further study. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to different doses (0, 30, 90, and 270 mg\/kg bw) of BPA by gavage for 30 days. The results showed that the high dose of BPA decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Moreover, a high dose of BPA caused a significant increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly decreased in BPA-treated rats. The gene expression of PGC-1\u03b1 and Nrf1 were decreased in the liver of high doses of BPA-administrated rats, as well as the protein levels of SIRT1, PGC-1\u03b1, Nrf2, and TFAM. However, the protein expression of IL-1\u03b2 was significantly increased in BPA-treated rats. In addition, BPA weakened the mitochondrial function of hepatocytes and promoted cell apoptosis in the liver by up-regulating the protein levels of Bax, cleaved-Caspase3, and cleaved-PARP1 while down-regulating the Bcl-2 in the liver. More importantly, a high dose of BPA caused a dramatic change in microbiota structure, as characterized at the genus level by increasing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (F\/B), and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in feces, while decreasing the relative abundance of Prevotella_9 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, which is positively correlated with the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). In summary, our data indicated that BPA exposure caused hepatoxicity through apoptosis and the SIRT1\/PGC-1\u03b1 pathway. BPA-induced intestinal flora and SCFA changes may be associated with hepatic damage. The results of this study provide a new sight for the understanding of BPA-induced hepatoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23148042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T10:36:56Z","timestamp":1658399816000},"page":"8042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Exposure to Bisphenol A Caused Hepatoxicity and Intestinal Flora Disorder in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0593-0744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruijing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Bio-Based Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Bio-Based Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingmin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongbao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxia","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1729-2970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weibin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangdong Engineering Technology Center of Food Safety Molecular Rapid Detection, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0934-1031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulong","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Bio-Based Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510630, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.678421","article-title":"BPA, an energy balance disruptor","volume":"55","author":"Besnard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimmino, I., Fiory, F., Perruolo, G., Miele, C., and Oriente, F. (2020). Potential Mechanisms of Bisphenol A (BPA) Contributing to Human Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165761"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21205","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2299-1","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of ginseng extract on phthalate and bisphenol A reprotoxicity during pregnancy in rats","volume":"25","author":"Saadeldin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.01.016","article-title":"The molecular mechanisms of action of the endocrine disrupting chemical bisphenol A in the development of cancer","volume":"647","author":"Shafei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109492","article-title":"Bisphenol A inhibits autophagosome-lysosome fusion and lipid droplet degradation","volume":"183","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-019-03540-9","article-title":"Novel insights of elevated systemic levels of bisphenol-A (BPA) linked to poor glycemic control, accelerated cellular senescence and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"458","author":"Soundararajan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"416","article-title":"BPA disrupts 17-estradiol-mediated hepatic protection against ischemia\/reperfusion injury in rat liver by upregulating the Ang II\/AT1R signaling pathway","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134681","article-title":"Metabonomics reveals bisphenol A affects fatty acid and glucose metabolism through activation of LXR in the liver of male mice","volume":"703","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5167524","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5167524","article-title":"Lycopene: Hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects toward Bisphenol A-induced toxicity in female Wistar rats","volume":"2018","author":"Abdelrazek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.12.021","article-title":"Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis of liver in male rats exposed to bisphenol A: Mechanism of hepatotoxicity and biomarker discovery","volume":"112","author":"Hassani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.12.001","article-title":"SIRT1 and other sirtuins in metabolism","volume":"25","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-020-01242-9","article-title":"Role of silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) in regulating oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"43","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.08.010","article-title":"Macrophage heme oxygenase-1-SIRT1-p53 axis regulates sterile inflammation in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"67","author":"Nakamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8765954","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8765954","article-title":"SIRT1 modulators in experimentally induced liver injury","volume":"2019","author":"Farghali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.11.013","article-title":"Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha","volume":"127","author":"Lagouge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.20463\/jenb.2017.0020","article-title":"The effects of exercise and cold exposure on mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue","volume":"21","author":"Chung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-321548","article-title":"ATF4 activation promotes hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction by repressing NRF1\u2013TFAM signalling in alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"70","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.11.047","article-title":"\u03b3-Mangostin, a xanthone from mangosteen, attenuates oxidative injury in the liver via NRF2 and SIRT1 induction","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152395","article-title":"Toxicity, gut microbiota and metabolome effects after copper exposure during early life in SD rats","volume":"433\u2013434","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-018-0577-8","article-title":"Gut microbiomes and their metabolites shape human and animal health","volume":"56","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(03)00056-8","article-title":"Bisphenol A induces reactive oxygen species generation in the liver of male rats","volume":"188","author":"Bindhumol","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.24685","article-title":"Low doses of bisphenol A induce gene expression related to lipid synthesis and trigger triglyceride accumulation in adult mouse liver","volume":"55","author":"Marmugi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173007","article-title":"Vitexin protects against ethanol-induced liver injury through Sirt1\/p53 signaling pathway","volume":"873","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-019-0158-9","article-title":"The role of different SIRT1-mediated signaling pathways in toxic injury","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120020","article-title":"Apoptosis and Necrosis in the Liver","volume":"3","author":"Guicciardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2308","article-title":"The BCL-2 protein family: Opposing activities that mediate cell death","volume":"9","author":"Youle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13172","article-title":"Rotenone affects p53 transcriptional activity and apoptosis via targeting SIRT1 and H3K9 acetylation in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"134","author":"Feng","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.002","article-title":"Dendrobium huoshanense polysaccharide regionally regulates intestinal mucosal barrier function and intestinal microbiota in mice","volume":"206","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2016.95","article-title":"Bisphenol S- and bisphenol A-induced adipogenesis of murine preadipocytes occurs through direct peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation","volume":"40","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.112849","article-title":"Quercetin protects human liver cells from o,p\u2019-DDT-induced toxicity by suppressing Nrf2 and NADPH oxidase-regulated ROS production","volume":"161","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2016.1182234","article-title":"Protective effect of Cordyceps militaris extract against bisphenol A induced reproductive damage","volume":"62","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.08.076","article-title":"Effects of perinatal exposure to BPA and its alternatives (BPS, BPF and BPAF) on hepatic lipid and glucose homeostasis in female mice adolescent offspring","volume":"212","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.07.007","article-title":"Protective effect of crocin on BPA-induced liver toxicity in rats through inhibition of oxidative stress and downregulation of MAPK and MAPKAP signaling pathway and miRNA-122 expression","volume":"107","author":"Mehri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food. Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2015.04.007","article-title":"Oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol protect from bisphenol A effects in livers and kidneys of lactating mother rats and their pups\u2019","volume":"67","author":"Mahmoudi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114855","article-title":"Hexavalent chromium induces mitochondrial dynamics disorder in rat liver by inhibiting AMPK\/PGC-1alpha signaling pathway","volume":"265","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2016.09.005","article-title":"Naringin protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac injury in mice","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111528","article-title":"Inhibition of ROS\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 mediated pyroptosis alleviates excess molybdenum-induced apoptosis in duck renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"208","author":"Pi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotox. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194829","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/194829","article-title":"Induces Hepatotoxicity through Oxidative Stress in Rat Model","volume":"2012","author":"Hassan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4553","article-title":"Glutathione efflux and cell death","volume":"17","author":"Franco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112127","article-title":"Evaluation of conventional and non-conventional biomarkers of liver toxicity in greenhouse workers occupationally exposed to pesticides","volume":"151","author":"Parron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2019.110786","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure induces cholesterol synthesis and hepatic steatosis in C57BL\/6 mice by down-regulating the DNA methylation levels of SREBP-2","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2548-x","article-title":"Apoptosis in fish: Environmental factors and programmed cell death","volume":"368","author":"AnvariFar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121157","article-title":"Molybdenum and cadmium co-induce oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondria-mediated pathway in duck renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"383","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22193","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Bisphenol A is a factor of its hepatotoxicity in rats","volume":"31","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624402","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.624402","article-title":"Kaempferol alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent pathway during lung ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2022.153095","article-title":"Enantioselective toxic effects of mefentrifluconazole in the liver of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio) based on transcription level and metabolomic profile","volume":"467","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2014.01.021","article-title":"Mitochondrial homeostasis: The interplay between mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"56","author":"Palikaras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8466","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1032913100","article-title":"Coordinated reduction of genes of oxidative metabolism in humans with insulin resistance and diabetes: Potential role of PGC1 and NRF1","volume":"100","author":"Patti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.04.001","article-title":"Bisphenol-A inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis via impairment of GFER mediated mitochondrial protein import in the rat brain hippocampus","volume":"85","author":"Goyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoro, A., Scafuro, M., Troisi, J., Piegari, G., Di Pietro, P., Mele, E., Cappetta, D., Marino, M., De Angelis, A., and Vecchione, C. (2021). Multi-Systemic Alterations by Chronic Exposure to a Low Dose of Bisphenol A in Drinking Water: Effects on Inflammation and NAD (+)-Dependent Deacetylase Sirtuin1 in Lactating and Weaned Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22189666"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, J., Chen, Y., Shih, M., Tain, Y., Yeh, Y., Chiu, M., Chang, S.K.C., and Hou, C. (2021). Resveratrol butyrate esters inhibit BPA-induced liver damage in male offspring rats by modulating antioxidant capacity and gut microbiota. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105273"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4433","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15142","article-title":"Gut-liver axis-mediated mechanism of liver cancer: A special focus on the role of gut microbiota","volume":"112","author":"Ohtani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7681","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01435D","article-title":"Polysaccharides from fermented Asparagus officinalis with Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 alleviated liver injury via modulation of glutathione homeostasis, bile acid metabolism, and SCFA production","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hbpd.2018.06.004","article-title":"Compromised nutritional status in patients with end-stage liver disease: Role of gut microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Vasco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatob. Pancreat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.186858","article-title":"The formation of short-chain fatty acids is positively associated with the blood lipid-lowering effect of lupin kernel fiber in moderately hypercholesterolemic adults","volume":"144","author":"Fechner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10015","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c01968","article-title":"Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic mechanism of tea polysaccharides on Type 2 diabetic rats via gut microbiota and metabolism alteration","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.08.039","article-title":"Bisphenol A alters gut microbiome: Comparative metagenomics analysis","volume":"218","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114880","article-title":"Bisphenol A exposure induces gut microbiota dysbiosis and consequent activation of gut-liver axis leading to hepatic steatosis in CD-1 mice","volume":"265","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317726","article-title":"Increased levels of systemic LPS-positive bacterial extracellular vesicles in patients with intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"69","author":"Tulkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.W., Park, J.G., Ilhan, Z.E., Wallstrom, G., Labaer, J., Adams, J.B., and Krajmalnik-Brown, R. (2013). Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068322"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119067","article-title":"Bisphenol A damages testicular junctional proteins transgenerationally in mice","volume":"302","author":"Adegoke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307728","article-title":"Bisphenol a and reproductive health: Update of experimental and human evidence, 2007\u20132013","volume":"122","author":"Peretz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327112470273","article-title":"Effect of bisphenol-A on insulin signal transduction and glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle of adult male albino rat","volume":"32","author":"Indumathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600149","article-title":"Effects of pectin supplementation on the fermentation patterns of different structural carbohydrates in rats","volume":"60","author":"Tian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/14\/8042\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:55:44Z","timestamp":1760140544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/14\/8042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23148042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23148042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]]}}}