{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:20:12Z","timestamp":1790886012896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guidance Foundation of the Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural Universit","award":["NAUSY-MS18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAUSY-MS18"]}]},{"name":"Guidance Foundation of the Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural Universit","award":["KYZZ2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYZZ2022001"]}]},{"name":"Guidance Foundation of the Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural Universit","award":["U20A2039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2039"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["NAUSY-MS18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAUSY-MS18"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["KYZZ2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYZZ2022001"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["U20A2039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2039"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of NSFC Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund","award":["NAUSY-MS18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NAUSY-MS18"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of NSFC Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund","award":["KYZZ2022001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYZZ2022001"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of NSFC Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund","award":["U20A2039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U20A2039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The plant parasitic nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, is a serious pest causing severe damage to various crop plants and vegetables. The Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains, GBAC46 and NMTD81, and the biological strain, FZB42, showed higher nematicidal activity against A. besseyi, by up to 88.80, 82.65, and 75.87%, respectively, in a 96-well plate experiment. We screened the whole genomes of the selected strains by protein-nucleic acid alignment. It was found that the Bt strain GBAC46 showed three novel crystal proteins, namely, Cry31Aa, Cry73Aa, and Cry40ORF, which likely provide for the safe control of nematodes. The Cry31Aa protein was composed of 802 amino acids with a molecular weight of 90.257 kDa and contained a conserved delta-endotoxin insecticidal domain. The Cry31Aa exhibited significant nematicidal activity against A. besseyi with a lethal concentration (LC50) value of 131.80 \u03bcg\/mL. Furthermore, the results of in vitro experiments (i.e., rhodamine and propidium iodide (PI) experiments) revealed that the Cry31Aa protein was taken up by A. besseyi, which caused damage to the nematode\u2019s intestinal cell membrane, indicating that the Cry31Aa produced a pore-formation toxin. In pot experiments, the selected strains GBAC46, NMTD81, and FZB42 significantly reduced the lesions on leaves by up to 33.56%, 45.66, and 30.34% and also enhanced physiological growth parameters such as root length (65.10, 50.65, and 55.60%), shoot length (68.10, 55.60, and 59.45%), and plant fresh weight (60.71, 56.45, and 55.65%), respectively. The number of nematodes obtained from the plants treated with the selected strains (i.e., GBAC46, NMTD81, and FZB42) and A. besseyi was significantly reduced, with 0.56, 0.83., 1.11, and 5.04 seedling mL\u22121 nematodes were achieved, respectively. Moreover, the qRT-PCR analysis showed that the defense-related genes were upregulated, and the activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) increased while malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased in rice leaves compared to the control. Therefore, it was concluded that the Bt strains GBAC46 and NMTD81 can promote rice growth, induce high expression of rice defense-related genes, and activate systemic resistance in rice. More importantly, the application of the novel Cry31Aa protein has high potential for the efficient and safe prevention and green control of plant parasitic nematodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]],"date-time":"2022-07-25T21:20:59Z","timestamp":1658784059000},"page":"8189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Derived from the Novel Crystal Protein Cry31Aa with High Nematicidal Activity against Rice Parasitic Nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Zhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qurban","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyuan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Batian Ecotypic Engineering Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefei","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Batian Ecotypic Engineering Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0281-1590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakim","family":"Manghwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lushan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jiujiang 332000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuewen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya 572024, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2017.11.012","article-title":"Emerging microbial biocontrol strategies for plant pathogens","volume":"267","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, Q., Zheng, H., Rao, M.J., Ali, M., Hussain, A., Saleem, M.H., Nehela, Y., Sohail, M.A., Ahmed, A.M., and Kubar, K.A. (2022). Advances, limitations, and prospects of biosensing technology for detecting phytopathogenic bacteria. Chemosphere, 296.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133773"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aspen.2018.11.013","article-title":"Nematicidal activity against Aphelenchoides besseyi and Ditylenchus destructor of three biflavonoids, isolated from roots of Stellera chamaejasme","volume":"21","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Asia Pac. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, C., Gao, X., Feng, B., Sheen, J., Ssheen, L., and He, P. (2013). Differential temperature operation of plant immune responses. Nat. Commun., 4.","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3530"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15383","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503023102","article-title":"A maize resistance gene functions against bacterial streak disease in rice","volume":"102","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Li, D., Wang, Z., Dong, A., Liu, L., Wang, B., Chen, Q., and Liu, X. (2014). Transcriptomic analysis of the rice white tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091591"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, Q., Qiao, J., Wang, R., Lu, J., Wang, Z., Li, P., Zhang, L., Ali, Q., Khan, A.R., and Gao, X. (2022). The Role of Pyoluteorin from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 in Suppressing the Growth and Pathogenicity of Pantoea ananatis on Maize. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126431"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C., Liu, X., Zhang, X., Zhang, M., Gu, Y., Ali, Q., Mohamed, M., Xu, J., Shi, J., and Gao, X. (2021). Mycosubtilin Produced by Bacillus subtilis ATCC6633 Inhibits Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13110791"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.10.007","article-title":"Rapid determination of nematode cell and organ susceptibility to toxic treatments","volume":"14","author":"Jasmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaz, M., Ali, Q., Farzand, A., Khan, A.R., Ling, H., and Gao, X. (2021). Nematicidal volatiles from bacillus atrophaeus gbsc56 promote growth and stimulate induced systemic resistance in tomato against meloidogyne incognita. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22095049"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2014.12.011","article-title":"The diverse nematicidal properties and biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry6A against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla","volume":"125","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8868-x","article-title":"Nematode-specific cadherin CDH-8 acts as a receptor for Cry5B toxin in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"102","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.3.775-806.1998","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal crystal proteins","volume":"62","author":"Schnepf","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2760","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0538072100","article-title":"V Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins that target nematodes","volume":"100","author":"Wei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2011.02.006","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis: A story of a successful bioinsecticide","volume":"41","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14528","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis targets the host intestinal epithelial junctions for successful infection of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"21","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2174\/187220809787172632","article-title":"Biopesticide production from Bacillus thuringiensis: An environmentally friendly alternative","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Recent Pat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"641","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic crop: An environment friendly insect-pest management strategy","volume":"29","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.112.1.115","article-title":"Insect control and dosage effects in transgenic canola containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis cryIAc gene","volume":"112","author":"Stewart","year":"1996","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Kumar, N.R., Maniraj, R., Lakshmikanth, R., Rao, K.Y.S., Muralimohan, N., Arulprakash, T., Karthik, K., Shashibhushan, N.B., and Vinutha, T. (2018). Expression of Cry2Aa, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein in transgenic pigeon pea confers resistance to gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26358-9"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"395","article-title":"Norway spruce (Picea abies) genetic transformation with modified Cry3A gene of Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"60","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Pol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, J., Haegeman, A., Danchin, E., Gaur, H., Helder, J., Jones, M., Kikuchi, T., Manzanilla-Lopez, R., Palomares-Rius, J., and Wesemael, W. (2014, January 4\u20139). Top 10 plant-parasitic nematodes in molecular plant pathology. Proceedings of the 6th International Congress of Nematology, Cape Town, South Africa.","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12057"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9002","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-12419-6","article-title":"Research advances and applications of biosensing technology for the diagnosis of pathogens in sustainable agriculture","volume":"28","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M., Ali, Q., Sohail, M.A., Ashraf, M.F., Saleem, M.H., Hussain, S., and Zhou, L. (2021). Diversity and Taxonomic Distribution of Endophytic Bacterial Community in the Rice Plant and Its Prospective. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221810165"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Georghiou, S.B., Kelleher, A.J., and Aroian, R.V. (2010). Bacillus thuringiensis Cry5B protein is highly efficacious as a single-dose therapy against an intestinal roundworm infection in mice. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000614"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, H., Zhou, D., Daly, P., Wang, X., and Wei, L. (2021). Characterization and functional importance of two glycoside hydrolase family 16 genes from the rice white tip nematode Aphelenchoides besseyi. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020374"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Peng, D., Zhang, F., Ruan, L., and Sun, M. (2020). The Caenorhabditis elegans CUB-like-domain containing protein RBT-1 functions as a receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry6Aa toxin. PLoS Pathog., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008501"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jplph.2015.11.007","article-title":"Native plant growth promoting bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis and mixed or individual mycorrhizal species improved drought tolerance and oxidative metabolism in Lavandula dentata plants","volume":"192","author":"Armada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135206","article-title":"Cadmium tolerant microbial strains possess different mechanisms for cadmium biosorption and immobilization in rice seedlings","volume":"303","author":"Ali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2018.01.013","article-title":"Rizhospheric competence, plant growth promotion and biocontrol efficacy of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum strain 32a","volume":"124","author":"Tounsi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s13213-016-1194-6","article-title":"Phylogenetic and plant-growth-promoting characteristics of Bacillus isolated from the wheat rhizosphere","volume":"66","author":"Silini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03175344","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis beyond insect biocontrol: Plant growth promotion and biosafety of polyvalent strains","volume":"57","author":"Raddadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liaquat, F., Munis, M.F.H., Arif, S., Haroon, U., Shi, J., Saqib, S., Zaman, W., Che, S., and Liu, Q. (2021). PacBio Single-Molecule Long-Read Sequencing Reveals Genes Tolerating Manganese Stress in Schima superba Saplings. Front. Genet., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.635043"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01705-9","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis as a biofertilizer and biostimulator: A mini-review of the little-known plant growth-promoting properties of Bt","volume":"76","author":"Azizoglu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00464-14","article-title":"Bacillus thuringiensis DB27 produces two novel protoxins, Cry21Fa1 and Cry21Ha1, which act synergistically against nematodes","volume":"80","author":"Iatsenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00340-12","article-title":"Mining new crystal protein genes from Bacillus thuringiensis on the basis of mixed plasmid-enriched genome sequencing and a computational pipeline","volume":"78","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crickmore, N., Berry, C., Panneerselvam, S., Mishra, R., Connor, T.R., and Bonning, B.C. (2021). A structure-based nomenclature for Bacillus thuringiensis and other bacteria-derived pesticidal proteins. J. Invertebr. Pathol., 186.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2020.107438"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9552-x","article-title":"Expression of cry genes in Bacillus thuringiensis biotechnology","volume":"103","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1139\/W07-029","article-title":"Biology and taxonomy of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus anthracis, and Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"53","author":"Peruca","year":"2007","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00edlchez, S. (2020). Making 3D-cry toxin mutants: Much more than a tool of understanding toxins mechanism of action. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12090600"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L.-N., Wang, Y.-Q., Wang, Z.-Y., Hu, B.-J., Ling, Y.-H., and He, K.-L. (2015). Transcriptome differences between Cry1Ab resistant and susceptible strains of Asian corn borer. BMC Genom., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1362-2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-05-17-0179-R","article-title":"Nematicidal activity of Cry1Ea11 from Bacillus thuringiensis BRC-XQ12 against the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)","volume":"108","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4236\/jbnb.2012.322039","article-title":"Implications of Nanobiosensors in Agriculture","volume":"3","author":"Rai","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinha, A., Rae, R., Iatsenko, I., and Sommer, R.J. (2012). System wide analysis of the evolution of innate immunity in the nematode model species Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044255"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10081","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-013-5247-5","article-title":"The highly modified microcin peptide plantazolicin is associated with nematicidal activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6997","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01346-08","article-title":"New strategy for isolating novel nematicidal crystal protein genes from Bacillus thuringiensis strain YBT-1518","volume":"74","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12219","article-title":"B acillus thuringiensis C ry6 A exhibits nematicidal activity to C aenorhabditis elegans bre mutants and synergistic activity with C ry5 B to C. elegans","volume":"58","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01743.x","article-title":"Promoters of crystal protein genes do not control crystal formation inside exosporium of Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. finitimus strain YBT-020","volume":"300","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5774","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01206-13","article-title":"A novel Bacillus thuringiensis Cry-like protein from a rare filamentous strain promotes crystal localization within the exosporium","volume":"79","author":"Ammons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"65","article-title":"Nematodes, these roundworms that harm plants\u2026by their roots","volume":"86","author":"Belair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phytoprotection"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eves-van den Akker, S., Lilley, C.J., Ault, J.R., Ashcroft, A.E., Jones, J.T., and Urwin, P.E. (2014). The feeding tube of cyst nematodes: Characterisation of protein exclusion. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087289"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahn, T.W., Duck, N.B., McCarville, M.T., Schouten, L.C., Schweri, K., Zaitseva, J., and Daum, J. (2021). A Bacillus thuringiensis Cry protein controls soybean cyst nematode in transgenic soybean plants. Nat. Commun., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23743-3"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramalakshmi, A., Sharmila, R., Iniyakumar, M., and Gomathi, V. (2020). Nematicidal activity of native Bacillus thuringiensis against the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control, 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-020-00293-2"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmpp.2015.05.010","article-title":"Role of cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus subtilis in mounting induced immunity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"91","author":"Chandler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Ayaz, A., Zheng, M., Yang, X., Zaman, W., Zhao, H., and L\u00fc, S. (2022). Arabidopsis KCS5 and KCS6 Play Redundant Roles in Wax Synthesis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084450"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-081211-172955","article-title":"Plant immunity to necrotrophs","volume":"50","author":"Mengiste","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2022.017316","article-title":"Mechanism of tobacco osmotin gene in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress tolerance: A brief history","volume":"46","author":"Manghwar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayaz, A., Huang, H., Zheng, M., Zaman, W., Li, D., Saqib, S., Zhao, H., and L\u00fc, S. (2021). Molecular cloning and functional analysis of GmLACS2-3 reveals its involvement in cutin and suberin biosynthesis along with abiotic stress tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179175"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2003.02013.x","article-title":"Selective and powerful stress gene expression in Arabidopsis in response to malondialdehyde","volume":"37","author":"Weber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1139\/W08-074","article-title":"Molecular detection of nematicidal crystalliferous Bacillus thuringiensis strains of Iran and evaluation of their toxicity on free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes","volume":"54","author":"Seifinejad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.07.055","article-title":"Siderophores of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"348","author":"Wilson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manghwar, H., Hussain, A., Ali, Q., Saleem, M.H., Abualreesh, M.H., Alatawi, A., Ali, S., and Munis, M.F.H. (2021). Disease Severity, Resistance Analysis, and Expression Profiling of Pathogenesis-Related Protein Genes after the Inoculation of Fusarium equiseti in Wheat. Agronomy, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy11112124"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, M., Sheng, T., Liang, J., Ali, Q., Gu, Q., Wu, H., Chen, J., Liu, J., and Gao, X. (2021). Melatonin and Its Homologs Induce Immune Responses via Receptors trP47363-trP13076 in Nicotiana benthamiana. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.691835"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tahir, H.A.S., Gu, Q., Wu, H., Raza, W., Safdar, A., Huang, Z., Rajer, F.U., and Gao, X. (2017). Effect of volatile compounds produced by Ralstonia solanacearum on plant growth promoting and systemic resistance inducing potential of Bacillus volatiles. BMC Plant Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-017-1083-6"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3505","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14722","article-title":"Cold-adapted Bacilli isolated from the Qinghai\u2014Tibetan Plateau are able to promote plant growth in extreme environments","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Luna, M.T., Kumar, P., Hall, D.G., Mitchell, A.D., Blackburn, M.B., and Bonning, B.C. (2019). Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis-derived pesticidal proteins cry1Ab and cry1Ba against asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera). Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11030173"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1163\/15685411-00002812","article-title":"The white-tip nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, exhibits an auxin-orientated behaviour affecting its migration and propagation","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nematology"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"438","article-title":"V On the methodology of nematode extraction from field samples: Baermann funnel modifications","volume":"15","author":"Viglierchio","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10942-z","article-title":"A novel Rap-Phr system in Bacillus velezensis NAU-B3 regulates surfactin production and sporulation via interaction with ComA","volume":"104","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08054.x","article-title":"Cloning, expression and characterization of a new aspartate aminotransferase from Bacillus subtilis B3","volume":"278","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11417","article-title":"Small heat-shock proteins protect from heat-stroke-associated neurodegeneration","volume":"490","author":"Kourtis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., Gong, Y., and Han, R. (2014). Cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe-QDs) and enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation trigger antioxidant enzyme metabolism and programmed cell death in wheat seedlings. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110400"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, M., Liang, J., Ali, Q., Wen, W., Wu, H., Gao, X., and Gu, Q. (2021). 5-Methoxyindole, a Chemical Homolog of Melatonin, Adversely Affects the Phytopathogenic Fungus Fusarium graminearum. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222010991"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/15\/8189\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:10Z","timestamp":1760140570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/15\/8189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23158189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23158189","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,25]]}}}