{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T15:20:12Z","timestamp":1778858412947,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"RFBR","award":["20-53-76012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-53-76012"]}]},{"name":"RFBR","award":["01DJ21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DJ21012"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-53-76012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-53-76012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01DJ21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DJ21012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"ERA.Net RUS Plus Call 2019","award":["20-53-76012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-53-76012"]}]},{"name":"ERA.Net RUS Plus Call 2019","award":["01DJ21012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01DJ21012"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high mortality rate caused by atherosclerosis makes it necessary to constantly search for new and better treatments. In previous reports, chemically modified carbon-coated iron nanoparticles (Fe@C NPs) have been demonstrated a high biocompatibility and promising anti-plaque properties. To further investigate these effects, the interaction of these nanoparticles with the adipose tissue of Wistar rats (in vivo) and human atherosclerotic plaques (ex vivo) was studied. For the in vivo study, cobalt\u2013chromium (CoCr) alloy tubes, which are used for coronary stent manufacturing, were prepared with a coating of polylactic acid (PLA) which contained either modified or non-modified Fe@C NPs in a 5% by weight concentration. The tubes were implanted into an area of subcutaneous fat in Wistar rats, where changes in the histological structure and functional properties of the surrounding tissue were observed in the case of coatings modified with Fe@C NPs. For the ex vivo study, freshly explanted human atherosclerotic plaques were treated in the physiological solution with doses of modified Fe@C NPs, with mass equal to 5% or 25% relative to the plaques. This treatment resulted in the release of cholesterol-like compounds from the surface of the plaques into the solution, thus proving a pronounced destructive effect on the plaque structure. Chemically modified Fe@C NPs, when used as an anti-atherosclerosis agent, were able to activate the activity of macrophages, which could lead to the destruction of atherosclerotic plaques structures. These findings could prove the fabrication of next-generation vascular stents with built-in anti-atherosclerotic agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1658897956000},"page":"8241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effect of Chemically Modified Carbon-Coated Iron Nanoparticles on the Structure of Human Atherosclerotic Plaques Ex Vivo and on Adipose Tissue in Chronic Experiment In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Shamil","family":"Akhmedov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Afanasyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Beshchasna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, 01109 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Trusova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8543-6027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Stepanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Rebenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Poletykina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Chemistry and Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Vecherskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2242-6358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergei","family":"Tverdokhlebov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9789-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny","family":"Bolbasov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6169-8746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sascha","family":"Balakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, 01109 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3142-2479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joerg","family":"Opitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, 01109 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anatoly","family":"Yermakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M.N. Miheev Institute of Metal Physics of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 620108 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0217-7737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz068","article-title":"The culprit is the carrier, not the loads: Cholesterol, triglycerides and apolipoprotein B in atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease","volume":"48","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.114.300935","article-title":"High-Density Lipoprotein: Vascular Protective Effects, Dysfunction, and Potential as Therapeutic Target","volume":"114","author":"Landmesser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16316","DOI":"10.1021\/ja044911a","article-title":"Recombinant HDL-Like Nanoparticles: A Specific Contrast Agent for MRI of Atherosclerotic Plaques","volume":"126","author":"Frias","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1021\/bc500517k","article-title":"HDL-Mimetic PLGA Nanoparticle to Target Atherosclerosis Plaque Macrophages","volume":"26","author":"Fay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.3390\/nano4020408","article-title":"Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Atherosclerosis Imaging","volume":"4","author":"Herranz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Toi, V., and Lien Phuong, T. (2014). Use of Super Paramagnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Atherosclerosis. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering in Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam, 16\u201318 June 2014, Springer."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8443","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S179273","article-title":"Drug delivery to atherosclerotic plaques using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Matuszak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.10.004","article-title":"Detecting atherosclerotic lesions and intimal macrophages using targeted nanovesicles","volume":"220","author":"Nie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1412","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1412","article-title":"Detection and treatment of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles","volume":"9.1","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1989","article-title":"Therapeutic siRNA silencing in inflammatory monocytes in mice","volume":"29","author":"Leuschner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.07.039","article-title":"Dual use of amphiphilic macromolecules as cholesterol efflux triggers and inhibitors of macrophage athero-inflammation","volume":"32","author":"Iverson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1134\/S0036024409070243","article-title":"The synthesis, structure and properties of carbon-containing nano-composites based on nickel, palladium, and iron","volume":"83","author":"Ermakov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Russ. J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhmedov, S., Afanasyev, S., Trusova, M., Postnikov, P., Rogovskaya, Y., Grakova, E., Kopeva, K., Carreon Paz, R.K., Balakin, S., and Wiesmann, H.-P. (2021). Chemically Modified Biomimetic Carbon-Coated Iron Nanoparticles for Stent Coatings: In Vitro Cytocompatibility and In Vivo Structural Changes in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070802"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Akhmedov, S.D., Afanasiev, S.A., Filimonov, V.D., Postnikov, P.S., Trusova, M.E., and Karpov, R.S. (2017). Agent for Selective Adjustment of Blood Lipids. (US9,789,134,B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1134\/S1995078010070037","article-title":"Aryldiazonium tosylates as new efficient agents for covalent grafting of aromatic groups on carbon coatings of metal nanoparticles","volume":"5","author":"Postnikov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Russ."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Pershina, A.G., Lytkina, O.A., Postnikov, P.S., Trusova, M.E., Svitich, D.Y., Filimonov, V.D., and Sazonov, A.E. (2012). Development of HRP-functionalized carbon-coated iron nanoparticles using arenediazonium tosylates. Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.1040.263","article-title":"New effective and environmental friendly method for the hydrodediazoniation of arenediazonium tosylates using Fe-core\/carbon-shell nanoparticles","volume":"1040","author":"Morozova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/15\/8241\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:56:53Z","timestamp":1760140613000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/23\/15\/8241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms23158241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23158241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]}}}