{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T10:19:29Z","timestamp":1791195569145,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]],"date-time":"2022-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The search for an innovative and effective drug delivery system that can carry and release targeted drugs with enhanced activity to treat Alzheimer\u2019s disease has received much attention in the last decade. In this study, we first designed a boron-based drug delivery system for effective treatment of AD by integrating the folic acid (FA) functional group into hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoparticles (NPs) through an esterification reaction. The hBN-FA drug carrier system was assembled with a new drug candidate and a novel boron-based hybrid containing an antioxidant as BLA, to constitute a self-assembled AD nano transport system. We performed molecular characterization analyses by using UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and Zeta potential investigations. Second, we tested the anti-Alzheimer properties of the carrier system on a differentiated neuroblastoma (SHSY5-Y) cell line, which was exposed to beta-amyloid (1\u201342) peptides to stimulate an experimental in vitro AD model. Next, we performed cytotoxicity analyses of synthesized molecules on the human dermal fibroblast cell line (HDFa) and the experimental AD model. Cytotoxicity analyses showed that even higher concentrations of the carrier system did not enhance the toxicological outcome in HDFa cells. Drug loading analyses reported that uncoated hBN nano conjugate could not load the BLA, whereas the memantine loading capacity of hBN was 84.3%. On the other hand, memantine and the BLA loading capacity of the hBN-FA construct was found to be 95% and 97.5%, respectively. Finally, we investigated the neuroprotective properties of the nano carrier systems in the experimental AD model. According to the results, 25 \u00b5g\/mL concentrations of hBN-FA+memantine (94% cell viability) and hBN-FA+BLA (99% cell viability) showed ameliorative properties against beta-amyloid (1\u201342) peptide toxicity (50% cell viability). These results were generated through the use of flow cytometry, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant assays. In conclusion, the developed drug carrier system for AD treatment showed promising potential for further investigations and enlightened neuroprotective capabilities of boron molecules to treat AD and other neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, enzyme activity, systematic toxicity analyses, and animal studies should be performed to understand neuroprotective properties of the designed carrier system comprehensively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T04:59:16Z","timestamp":1658897956000},"page":"8249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Boron Nitride Nanoparticles Loaded with a Boron-Based Hybrid as a Promising Drug Carrier System for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"\u00d6zge \u00c7a\u011flar","family":"Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, 25050 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1600-2305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet Enes","family":"Arslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, 25050 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sena","family":"\u00d6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, 25050 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6253-0443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Cacciatore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3042-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4254-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adil","family":"Mardinoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE-17121 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hasan","family":"Turkez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atat\u00fcrk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2018.1428243","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies and nano-drug delivery applications in management of ageing Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Karthivashan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14506.1","article-title":"Current understanding of Alzheimer\u2019s disease diagnosis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Weller","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173554","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recent treatment strategies","volume":"887","author":"Vaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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