{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T05:30:22Z","timestamp":1789450222397,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2021\/43\/D\/ST8\/00737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/43\/D\/ST8\/00737"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00127"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/01324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/01324"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["2017\/26\/E\/ST5\/00162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/26\/E\/ST5\/00162"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/22\/001\/2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/22\/001\/2201"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["2021\/43\/D\/ST8\/00737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/43\/D\/ST8\/00737"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00127"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/00127"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/01324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/ST5\/01324"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["2017\/26\/E\/ST5\/00162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/26\/E\/ST5\/00162"]}]},{"name":"Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok","award":["SUB\/2\/DN\/22\/001\/2201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2\/DN\/22\/001\/2201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article, we describe the antimicrobial properties of a new composite based on anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) membranes containing propyl-copper-phosphonate units arranged at a predetermined density inside the AAO channels. The samples were prepared with four concentrations of copper ions and tested as antimicrobial drug on four different strains of Escherichia coli (K12, R2, R3 and R4). For comparison, the same strains were tested with three types of antibiotics using the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. Moreover, DNA was isolated from the analysed bacteria which was additionally digested with formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) protein from the group of repair glycosases. These enzymes are markers of modified oxidised bases in nucleic acids produced during oxidative stress in cells. Preliminary cellular studies, MIC and MBC tests and digestion with Fpg protein after modification of bacterial DNA suggest that these compounds may have greater potential as antibacterial agents than antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, bleomycin and cloxacillin. The described composites are highly specific for the analysed model Escherichia coli strains and may be used in the future as new substitutes for commonly used antibiotics in clinical and nosocomial infections in the progressing pandemic era. The results show much stronger antibacterial properties of the functionalised membranes on the action of bacterial membranes in comparison to the antibiotics in the Fpg digestion experiment. This is most likely due to the strong induction of oxidative stress in the cell through the breakdown of the analysed bacterial DNA. We have also observed that the intermolecular distances between the functional units play an important role for the antimicrobial properties of the used material. Hence, we utilised the idea of the 2D solvent to tailor them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T20:49:28Z","timestamp":1659041368000},"page":"8327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Functionalised Anodised Aluminium Oxide as a Biocidal Agent"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8166-855X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateusz","family":"Schabikowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9106-9756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Laskowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-05110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0528-8299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrii","family":"Fedorchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9985-8012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma","family":"Sz\u0151ri-Dorogh\u00e1zi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7871-3818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Materials and Intelligent Technologies Higher Education and Industrial Cooperation Centre, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2482-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominika","family":"Ku\u017ama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Gawdzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University, PL-25406 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0555-8690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Wypych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, PL-87100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Kramkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, PL-15089 Bia\u0142ystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2426-3916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Laskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2021.103046","article-title":"Role of different types of nanomaterials against diagnosis, prevention and therapy of COVID-19","volume":"72","author":"Ghaemi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain. 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