{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:31:32Z","timestamp":1787319092213,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-15-0544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-21-0095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VEGA 1\/0239\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0239\/20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Science","award":["APVV-15-0544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-15-0544"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Science","award":["APVV-21-0095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-21-0095"]}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic and Slovak Academy of Science","award":["VEGA 1\/0239\/20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0239\/20"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study focused on the identification of bacterial profiles of semen in normozoospermic men and their possible involvement in changes to the sperm structural integrity and functional activity. Furthermore, we studied possible fluctuations of selected cytokines, oxidative markers, and antibacterial proteins as a result of bacterial presence in the ejaculate. Sperm motility was assessed with computer-assisted sperm analysis, while sperm apoptosis, necrosis and acrosome integrity were examined with fluorescent methods. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was quantified via luminometry, sperm DNA fragmentation was evaluated using the TUNEL protocol and chromatin-dispersion test, while the JC-1 assay was applied to evaluate the mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytokine levels were quantified with the biochip assay, whilst selected antibacterial proteins were quantified using the ELISA method. The predominant species identified by the matrix-assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry were Staphylococcus hominis, Staphylococcus capitis and Micrococcus luteus. The results revealed that the sperm quality decreased proportionally to the increasing bacterial load and occurrence of conditionally pathogenic bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed a substantial resistance of randomly selected bacterial strains to ampicillin, vancomycin, tobramycin, and tetracycline. Furthermore, an increased bacterial quantity in semen was accompanied by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1, interleukin-2, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha as well as ROS overproduction and lipid peroxidation of the sperm membranes. Our results suggest that semen quality may be notably affected by the bacterial quantity as well as quality. It seems that bacteriospermia may be associated with inflammatory processes, oxidative stress, sperm structural deterioration, and a subsequent risk for the development of subfertility, even in normozoospermic males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"8678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Possible Implications of Bacteriospermia on the Sperm Quality, Oxidative Characteristics, and Seminal Cytokine Network in Normozoospermic Men"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2895-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Tvrd\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Applied Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lov\u00ed\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli\u0161ka","family":"G\u00e1lov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovi\u010dova 6, Mlynsk\u00e1 Dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna","family":"Schwarzov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kov\u00e1\u010dikov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioTech Research Centre, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Kunov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Food Sciences, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"\u017diarovsk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Ka\u010d\u00e1niov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Horticulture, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszow, Cwiklinskiej 1, 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-011-0726-8","article-title":"Influence of urogenital infections and inflammation on semen quality and male fertility","volume":"30","author":"Rusz","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"73","article-title":"The impact of bacteriospermia on semen parameters: A meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Pergialiotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Family Reprod. 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