{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:24:32Z","timestamp":1791822272781,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K07145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K07145"]}]},{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI","award":["20K07168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K07168"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the poorest prognosis of all breast cancer subtypes. Recently, the activation of NF-\u03baB, which is involved in the growth and survival of malignant tumors, has been demonstrated in TNBC, suggesting that NF-\u03baB may serve as a new therapeutic target. In the present study, we examined whether dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an NF-\u03baB inhibitor, induces apoptosis in TNBC cells and enhances the apoptosis-inducing effect of paclitaxel and adriamycin. Cell survival was analyzed by the trypan blue assay and apoptosis assay. Protein detection was examined by immunoblotting. The activation of NF-\u03baB p65 was correlated with poor prognosis in patients with TNBC. DMF induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells at concentrations that were non-cytotoxic to the normal mammary cell line MCF-10A. Furthermore, DMF inhibited NF-\u03baB nuclear translocation and Survivin, XIAP, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 expression in MDA-MB-231 and BT-549 cells. Moreover, DMF enhanced the apoptosis-inducing effect of paclitaxel and adriamycin in MDA-MB-231 cells. These findings suggest that DMF may be an effective therapeutic agent for the treatment of TNBC, in which NF-\u03baB is constitutively active. DMF may also be useful as an adjuvant therapy to conventional anticancer drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"8681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dimethyl Fumarate Induces Apoptosis via Inhibition of NF-\u03baB and Enhances the Effect of Paclitaxel and Adriamycin in Human TNBC Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Katsumasa","family":"Tsurushima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"},{"name":"Sakai City Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Sakai 593-8304, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanobu","family":"Tsubaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoya","family":"Takeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Matsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akihiro","family":"Kimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honoka","family":"Takefuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akane","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiaki","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Ishizaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sakai City Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Sakai 593-8304, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3408-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shozo","family":"Nishida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kindai University, Kowakae, Higashiosaka 577-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.19323","article-title":"Breast Cancer Treatment: A Review","volume":"321","author":"Waks","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, P., Scatena, C., Ghilli, M., Bargagna, I., Lorenzini, G., and Nicolini, A. 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