{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T23:41:24Z","timestamp":1787355684679,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Program OPUS of the National Science Centre, Poland","award":["2017\/25\/B\/ST4\/01362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/ST4\/01362"]}]},{"name":"the Program OPUS of the National Science Centre, Poland","award":["505-10-060200-Q00497-99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["505-10-060200-Q00497-99"]}]},{"name":"the Warsaw University of Life Sciences for young researchers","award":["2017\/25\/B\/ST4\/01362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/ST4\/01362"]}]},{"name":"the Warsaw University of Life Sciences for young researchers","award":["505-10-060200-Q00497-99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["505-10-060200-Q00497-99"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Polish Science (FNP)","award":["2017\/25\/B\/ST4\/01362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017\/25\/B\/ST4\/01362"]}]},{"name":"Foundation for Polish Science (FNP)","award":["505-10-060200-Q00497-99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["505-10-060200-Q00497-99"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Novel high-performance biosensing devices, based on a microporous cellulose matrix, have been of great interest due to their high sensitivity, low cost, and simple operation. Herein, we report on the design and testing of portable paper-based immunostrips (IMS) for in-field blood typing in emergencies requiring blood transfusion. Cellulose fibrils of a paper membrane were functionalized with antibodies via supramolecular interactions. The formation of hydrogen bonds between IgM pentamer and cellulose fibers was corroborated using quantum mechanical calculations with a model cellulose chain and a representative amino acid sequence. In the proposed immunostrips, paper with a pore size of 3 \u00b5m dia. was used to enable functionalization of its channels with antibody molecules while blocking the red blood cells (RBC) from channel entering. Under the optimized test conditions, all blood types of AB0 and Rh system could be determined by naked eye examination, requiring only a small blood sample (3.5 \u00b5L). The durability of IgM immunostrips against storing has been tested. A new method of statistical evaluation of digitized blood agglutination images, compatible with a clinical five-level system, has been proposed. Critical parameters of the agglutination process have been established to enable future development of automatic blood typing with machine vision and digital data processing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T21:52:48Z","timestamp":1659649968000},"page":"8694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effective Optical Image Assessment of Cellulose Paper Immunostrips for Blood Typing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3371-3456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ratajczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Sklodowska-Jaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Kalwarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6168-7852","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek A.","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering, Mechanics and Petrochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Ignacego \u0141ukasiewicza 17, 09400 Plock, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1557-1650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Jakiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8827-5601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Stobiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 159 Nowoursynowska Street, 02776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9157","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-020-03445-7","article-title":"Recent Advances in Cellulose-Based Membranes for Their Sensing Applications","volume":"27","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellulose"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115463","article-title":"High-Performance Modified Cellulose Paper-Based Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics and Early Cancer Screening: A Concise Review","volume":"229","author":"Ratajczak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. 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