{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T18:54:49Z","timestamp":1792954489985,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]],"date-time":"2022-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pituitary apoplexy is a rare syndrome, graded from asymptomatic subclinical apoplexy to a life-threatening condition due to pituitary ischemia or haemorrhage of an enlarged pituitary gland. The risk factors and the molecular underlying mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. We provide an overview of the general concepts, the potential factors associated with pituitary adenoma susceptibility for apoplectic events and the molecular mechanisms that could be involved such as HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF pathways and metalloproteinases activation, among others. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that could participate in the pathogenesis of pituitary apoplexy is crucial to advancement in the identification of future diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets in this rare but sometimes fatal condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,7]],"date-time":"2022-08-07T22:51:46Z","timestamp":1659912706000},"page":"8721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Pituitary Apoplexy: Risk Factors and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8837-4343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betina","family":"Biagetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital and Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0475-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Sim\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital and Vall d\u2019Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Feingold, K.R., Anawalt, B., Boyce, A., Chrousos, G., de Herder, W.W., Dhatariya, K., Dungan, K., Hershman, J.M., Hofland, J., and Kalra, S. 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