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Many studies associate poor maternal nutrition during gestation and\/or lactation with altered skeletal muscle homeostasis in the offspring and the development of sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to determine whether the musculoskeletal physiology in offspring born to mouse dams fed a low-protein diet during pregnancy was altered and whether any physiological changes could be modulated by the nutritional protein content in early postnatal stages. Thy1-YFP female mice were fed ad libitum on either a normal (20%) or a low-protein (5%) diet. Newborn pups were cross-fostered to different lactating dams (maintained on a 20% or 5% diet) to generate three groups analysed at weaning (21 days): Normal-to-Normal (NN), Normal-to-Low (NL) and Low-to-Normal (LN). Further offspring were maintained ad libitum on the same diet as during lactation until 12 weeks of age, creating another three groups (NNN, NLL, LNN). Mice on a low protein diet postnatally (NL, NLL) exhibited a significant reduction in body and muscle weight persisting up to 12 weeks, unlike mice on a low protein diet only prenatally (LN, LNN). Muscle fibre size was reduced in mice from the NL but not LN group, showing recovery at 12 weeks of age. Muscle force was reduced in NLL mice, concomitant with changes in the NMJ site and changes in atrophy-related and myosin genes. In addition, \u03bcCT scans of mouse tibiae at 12 weeks of age revealed changes in bone mass and morphology, resulting in a higher bone mass in the NLL group than the control NNN group. Finally, changes in the expression of miR-133 in the muscle of NLL mice suggest a regulatory role for this microRNA in muscle development in response to postnatal diet changes. Overall, this data shows that a low maternal protein diet and early postnatal life low-protein intake in mice can impact skeletal muscle physiology and function in early life while postnatal low protein diet favours bone integrity in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,8]],"date-time":"2022-08-08T21:09:18Z","timestamp":1659992958000},"page":"8815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Postnatal Protein Intake as a Determinant of Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function in Mice\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ifigeneia","family":"Giakoumaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"The MRC\u2014Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Turki","family":"Aljuaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and REMEDI, CMNHS, NUI Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8208-7343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthony J.","family":"Sannicandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and REMEDI, CMNHS, NUI Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussira","family":"Alameddine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Euan","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Myrtziou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Bache Hall, Countess View, Chester CH2 1BR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan E.","family":"Ozanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit and Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke\u2019s Hospital Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6410-1482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"Chester Medical School, University of Chester, Bache Hall, Countess View, Chester CH2 1BR, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Goljanek-Whysall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"The MRC\u2014Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and REMEDI, CMNHS, NUI Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5652-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aphrodite","family":"Vasilaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal & Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course & Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, 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