{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T04:01:47Z","timestamp":1789012907022,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81871538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871538"]}]},{"name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["Z191100006619009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100006619009"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology","award":["81871538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871538"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Science and Technology","award":["Z191100006619009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z191100006619009"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: A keloid is a benign skin tumor that extends beyond the initial injury area, and its pathologic mechanism remains unclear. Method: High-throughput sequencing data were obtained from normal skin tissue of patients with keloids (Group N) and healthy controls (Group C). Important genes were mined by bioinformatics analysis and identified by RT\u2013qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence assays. The CIBERSORT algorithm was used to convert gene expression information into immune cell information. Flow cytometry was used to verify the key immune cells. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting coculture and CCK8 experiments were used to explore the effect of CD8+ T cells on keloid-associated fibroblasts. Neural network models were used to construct associations among CD28, CD8+ T cells and the severity of keloids and to identify high-risk values. Result: The expression levels of costimulatory molecules (CD28, CD80, CD86 and CD40L) in the skin tissue of patients with keloids were higher than the levels in healthy people (p &lt; 0.05). The number of CD8+ T cells was significantly higher in Group N than in Group C (p &lt; 0.05). The fluorescence intensities of CD28 and CD8+ T cells in Group N were significantly higher than those in Group C (p = 0.0051). The number and viability of fibroblasts cocultured with CD8+ T cells were significantly reduced compared with those of the control (p &lt; 0.05). The expression of CD28 and CD8+ T cells as the input layer may be predictors of the severity of keloids with mVSS as the output layer. The high-risk early warning indicator for CD28 is 10\u201334, and the high-risk predictive indicator for CD8+ T cells is 13\u201328. Conclusions: The abnormal expression of costimulatory molecules may lead to the abnormal activation of CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells may drive keloid-associated immunosuppression. The expression of CD28 and CD8+ T cells as an input layer may be a predictor of keloid severity. CD28 and CD8+ T cells play an important role in the development of keloids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23168862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T02:42:53Z","timestamp":1660099373000},"page":"8862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Role of CD28 and CD8+ T Cells in Keloid Development"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"},{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youbin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2016.01.013","article-title":"Keloids: The Paradigm of Skin Fibrosis\u2014Pathomechanisms and Treatment","volume":"51","author":"Andrews","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, R. 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